Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the total study population and the metformin subgroups

n

198

161

37

Age (y)

64.4 ± 8.4 (65)

63.8 ± 8.2 (64)

66.9 ± 9 (66)

Males

158 (80%)

132 (82%)

26 (70%)

Diabetes duration (y)

14.6 ± 9.3 (13)

14.7 ± 9.1 (13)

14.2 ± 10.6 (12)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

29.2 ± 5.3 (28.0)

29.1 ± 5.2 (28.2)

29.3 ± 5.4 (29.4)

Previous CVD

139 (70%)

112 (70%)

27 (73%)

Hypertension

163 (82%)

131 (81%)

32 (86%)

Insulin treatment

94 (47%)

66 (41%)

28 (76%)

Neuropathy

31 (15%)

21 (13%)

10 (27%)

Retinopathy

37 (19%)

26 (6%)

11 (30%)

0.056

Current or ex-smoker

119 (60%)

99 (61%)

20 (54%)

Calcification score (AU)

2528 ± 5779 (524)

2033 ± 4514 (434)

4684 ± 9291 (1044)

MCS score

19.1 ± 10.9 (24)

18 ± 10.7 (20)

23.6 ± 10.8 (24)

Occlusion score

3.5 ± 5.3 (0)

3.2 ± 5.1 (0)

4.6 ± 6.1 (3)

eGFR-MDRD (ml/min)

76 ± 20 (76)

77 ± 20 (77)

70 ± 18 (71)

Microalbuminuria (mg/l)

166 ± 841 (23)

178 ± 924 (23)

110 ± 255 (17)

HbA_1c (%/mmol/mol)

7.8 ± 1.5 (7.5)/62 ± 16 (58)

7.8 ± 1.4 (7.5)/62 ± 15 (58)

8.0 ± 1.7 (7.5)/64 ± 19 (58)

Blood glucose (mmol/l)

8.2 ± 2.8 (7.8)

8.2 ± 2.8 (7.8)

7.9 ± 2.8 (7.6)

Calcium (mmol/l)

2.32 ± 0.11 (2.32)

2.32 ± 0.11 (2.32)

2.31 ± 0.14 (2.31)

Phosphate (mmol/l)

1.02 ± 0.15 (1.02)

1.02 ± 0.15 (1.02)

1.04 ± 0.17 (1.02)

us-CRP (mg/l)

2.2 ± 2.5 (1.2)

2.1 ± 2.4 (1.2)

2.7 ± 2.9 (1.5)

Interleukin-6 (pg/ml)

5.1 ± 22.2 (2.9)

3.5 ± 3.6 (2.8)

12.4 ± 50.5 (3.3)

LDL cholesterol (g/l)

1.93 ± 0.74 (1.81)

1.93 ± 0.76 (1.78)

2.04 ± 0.67 (1.89)

HDL cholesterol (g/l)

1.08 ± 0.33 (1.06)

1.06 ± 0.34 (1.01)

1.15 ± 0.28 (1.17)

Triglycerides (g/l)

1.58 ± 1.05 (1.26)

1.62 ± 1.11 (1.24)

1.42 ± 0.72 (1.42)