The renal tubular damage marker urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase may be more closely associated with early detection of atherosclerosis than the glomerular damage marker albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 3 Multiple linear regression models for carotid IMT in T2D (N = 343)

Variables	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Variables	STD β	p	STD β	p	STD β	p
Log maximum IMT
Age^a	*0.19*	*0.003*	*0.19*	*0.003*	*0.19*	*0.003*
Male gender	*0.12*	*0.045*
Waist circumference (cm)
Currently smoking
History of hypertension	*0.15*	*0.02*	*0.14*	*0.03*	*0.14*	*0.03*
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	–	–
eGFR CKD-EPI^b	–	–	–	–
Urinary NAG^c	*0.14*	*0.03*	*0.14*	*0.02*	*0.14*	*0.02*
Urinary ACR^d	–	–
Log mean of maximum IMT
Age^a	*0.19*	*0.003*	*0.18*	*0.004*	*0.18*	*0.004*
Male gender	*0.12*	*0.04*
Waist circumference (cm)
Currently smoking
History of hypertension	*0.13*	*0.04*	*0.13*	*0.04*	*0.13*	*0.04*
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	–	–	*−0.13*	*0.03*	*−0.13*	*0.03*
eGFR CKD-EPI^b	–	–	–	–
Urinary NAG^c	*0.13*	*0.03*	*0.13*	*0.03*	*0.13*	*0.03*
Urinary ACR^d	–	–

Logarithm-transformed values of maximum and mean of maximum carotid IMT were used for analysis
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, current smoking status, history of hypertension, and urinary NAG
Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 + HDL cholesterol and urinary ACR
Model 3: adjusted for Model 2 + eGFR CKD-EPI
IMT intima-media thickness, T2D type 2 diabetes mellitus, STD standardized; HDL: high density lipoprotein, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, CKD-EPI chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration, NAG N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase; ACR albumin-to-creatinine ratio
Bolditalics denotes statistical significance at p < 0.05
^aAge, ^b eGFR CKD-EPI, ^c urinary NAG, and ^d urinary ACR were analyzed as binary variables defined as < or ≥40 years, < or ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m², ≤ or >7.21 U/g creatinine (median of NAG = 7.21 U/g creatinine), and < or ≥30 mg/g creatinine, respectively

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