Table 1 Baseline demographics and laboratory characteristics of participants
Baseline characteristics | Total (N = 343) | Group I At or below mediana NAG (N = 172) | Group II Above median NAG (N = 171) | p values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age (years) | 59.9 ± 11.7 | 57.2 ± 11.7 | 62.5 ± 11.0 | <0.001 |
Male sex [n (%)] | 203 (59.2) | 101 (58.7) | 102 (59.6) | 0.86 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 (23.1–27.2) | 24.8 (23.1–27.1) | 25.3 (23.0–27.3) | 0.32 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 87.8 ± 8.95 | 86.9 ± 8.90 | 88.7 ± 8.98 | 0.07 |
Currently smoking [n (%)] | 53 (15.5) | 30 (17.4) | 23 (13.5) | 0.31 |
Hypertension [n (%)] | 208 (60.6) | 97 (56.4) | 111 (64.9) | 0.14 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125.0 (116.0–133.0) | 125.0 (115.0–132.3) | 124.0 (117.0–133.0) | 0.54 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.4 ± 11.0 | 74.4 ± 11.2 | 74.6 ± 10.6 | 0.89 |
Coronary artery disease [n (%)] | 89 (25.9) | 35 (20.3) | 54 (31.6) | 0.02 |
Ischemic stroke [n (%)] | 30 (8.75) | 16 (9.30) | 14 (8.19) | 0.72 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 9.25 (5.25–16.3) | 7.25 (4.42–13.3) | 11.3 (6.25–17.3) | 0.001 |
Laboratory indices | ||||
HbA1C (%) | 6.80 (6.40–7.40) | 6.70 (6.40–7.10) | 7.00 (6.50–7.70) | 0.001 |
Glycated albumin (%) | 17.1 (15.7–19.5) | 16.6 (15.3–18.6) | 18.1 (16.0–21.7) | <0.001 |
Basal glucose (mg/dl) | 128.0 (111.0–146.0) | 124.0 (110.0–140.0) | 131.0 (114.0–156.3) | 0.001 |
Stimulated glucose (mg/dl) | 191.5 (154.8–236.3) | 176.5 (140.3–214.8) | 208.5 (170.8–255.8) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 156.0 (131.0–184.0) | 155.0 (130.0–185.0) | 157.5 (136.3–183.0) | 0.48 |
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 116.0 (80.0–161.0) | 115.0 (78.0–157.0) | 118.5 (85.8–175.0) | 0.28 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 44.0 (39.0–53.0) | 44.0 (40.0–52.0) | 42.0 (38.0–53.0) | 0.17 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 83.6 (61.3–106.7) | 81.6 (59.8–107.0) | 84.6 (63.7–102.3) | 0.90 |
White blood cell count (103/µl) | 6.46 (5.38–8.03) | 6.41 (5.47–7.63) | 6.55 (5.36–8.43) | 0.50 |
Uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.00 (4.20–5.90) | 5.30 (4.30–5.90) | 4.90 (4.00–5.93) | 0.16 |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.79 (0.66–0.93) | 0.77 (0.66–0.89) | 0.82 (0.66–0.97) | 0.12 |
eGFR CKD-EPI (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 94.0 (82.0–101.0) | 96.0 (88.0–104.0) | 91.0 (78.0–99.0) | <0.001 |
Indices of diabetes complications | ||||
Urinary NAG (U/g creatinine) | 7.21 (4.89–11.4) | 4.89 (3.70–6.21) | 11.4 (8.72–16.7) | <0.001 |
Urinary ACR (mg/g creatinine) | 10.0 (5.58–22.6) | 8.43 (4.90–17.8) | 12.8 (6.54–34.6) | <0.001 |
Mean carotid IMT (mm) | 0.69 (0.60–0.80) | 0.67 (0.58–0.77) | 0.72 (0.60–0.84) | 0.02 |
Maximum carotid IMT (mm) | 0.85 (0.73–1.01) | 0.82 (0.70–0.97) | 0.90 (0.74–1.06) | 0.01 |
Mean of maximum carotid IMT (mm) | 0.81 (0.69–0.94) | 0.78 (0.66–0.91) | 0.83 (0.71–0.98) | 0.01 |
Presence of carotid plaques [n (%)] | 248 (72.3) | 114 (66.3) | 136 (79.5) | 0.01 |