Table 1 General characteristics of study subjects according to gender

N (%)

559

294 (53 %)

265 (47 %)

/

Age (years)

20.2 ± 2.9

20.0 ± 3.0

20.4 ± 2.8

Obesity traits

BMI (kg/m²)

25.7 ± 5.7

27.0 ± 5.8

24.3 ± 5.3

WC (cm)

85.2 ± 14.6

90.5 ± 14.6

79.4 ± 12.1

Percent body fat

30.4 ± 10.3

27.9 ± 9.4

33.2 ± 10.5

Pressures (mmHg)

SBP

114.7 ± 14.0

120.5 ± 13.8

108.2 ± 11.2

DBP

73.2 ± 10.5

75.9 ± 10.3

70.2 ± 9.8

Lipids (mmol/l)

TC

4.35 ± 0.92

4.29 ± 0.86

4.41 ± 0.99

TG

1.13 ± 0.83

1.25 ± 1.01

1.01 ± 0.54

LDL-C

2.53 ± 0.79

2.56 ± 0.72

2.50 ± 0.86

HDL-C

1.44 ± 0.32

1.34 ± 0.28

1.54 ± 0.34

Glucose and insulin-related traits

Glucose₀ (mmol/l)

4.92 ± 0.69

5.01 ± 0.86

4.82 ± 0.41

Glucose₃₀ (mmol/l)

7.94 ± 1.51

8.17 ± 1.60

7.69 ± 1.36

Glucose₁₂₀ (mmol/l)

6.06 ± 1.84

6.17 ± 2.07

5.95 ± 1.54

HbA1c (%)

5.38 ± 0.48

5.42 ± 0.54

5.33 ± 0.40

Insulin₀ (mU/L)^a

1.94 ± 0.74

1.97 ± 0.75

1.89 ± 0.72

Insulin₃₀ (mU/L)^a

4.26 ± 0.72

4.27 ± 0.74

4.24 ± 0.71

Insulin₁₂₀ (mU/L)^a

3.61 ± 0.80

3.55 ± 0.86

3.67 ± 0.73

HOMA-IR^a

0.41 ± 0.77

0.46 ± 0.77

0.35 ± 0.75

ISI ^a_M

1.79 ± 0.65

1.76 ± 0.66

1.82 ± 0.64

IGI^a

0.22 ± 0.81

0.16 ± 0.79

0.27 ± 0.82

DIO^a

2.01 ± 0.77

1.93 ± 0.73

2.09 ± 0.81

Hepar and renal-related traits

AST (IU/L)^a

2.94 ± 0.32

3.02 ± 0.36

2.86 ± 0.25

ALT (IU/L)^a

2.96 ± 0.54

3.16 ± 0.55

2.75 ± 0.43

Creatinine (umol/L)^a

4.19 ± 0.23

4.32 ± 0.14

4.04 ± 0.21

Uric acid (umol/L)^a

5.84 ± 0.27

6.00 ± 0.21

5.66 ± 0.21

Adipokines

FGF21 (pg/ml)^a

4.39 ± 1.12

4.39 ± 1.11

4.39 ± 1.13

Adiponectin (μg/mL)^a

1.90 ± 0.65

1.75 ± 0.72

2.07 ± 0.53

Betatrophin (pg/ml)^a

5.77 ± 0.37

5.82 ± 0.36

5.71 ± 0.37

Vitamin D (ng/ml)^a

2.64 ± 0.41

2.76 ± 0.40

2.52 ± 0.38