Skin autofluorescence predicts cardio-renal outcome in type 1 diabetes: a longitudinal study

Table 1 Relationships between skin autofluorescence and macrovascular events after 4 years of follow-up in subjects with type 1 diabetes

	Univariate analysis OR (CI 95 %)	p	Multivariate analysis OR (CI 95 %) with adjustment for history of MVE: N = 214	p	Multivariate analysis OR (CI 95 %) without adjustment for history of MVE: N = 214	p
SAF	3.22 (1.45–7.13)	0.004	2.98 (0.77–11.47)	0.11	4.84 (1.31–17.89)	0.02
Age	1.06 (1.02–1.10)	0.006	1.03 (0.97–1.09)	0.40	1.04 (0.98–1.10)	0.19
Sex	0.37 (0.10–1.37)	0.14	0.69 (0.11–4.26)	0.69	0.34 (0.07–1.78)	0.20
BMI^a	1.13 (1.01–1.27)	0.036	1.18 (0.98–1.40)	0.08	1.13 (0.98–1.31)	0.10
Arterial hypertension	8.17 (1.79–37.32)	0.007	2.27 (0.35–14.74)	0.39	3.50 (0.65–18.94)	0.15
Duration of diabetes	1.05 (1.01–1.10)	0.007	1.00 (0.95–1.07)	0.88	1.02 (0.97–1.07)	0.49
HbA ^a_1c	0.82 (0.46–1.47)	0.51	0.65 (0.23–1.81)	0.41	0.84 (0.40–1.77)	0.65
Tobacco^a	0.47 (0.10–2.14)	0.33	0.12 (0.01–1.32)	0.08	0.43 (0.07–2.60)	0.36
Albumin excretion rate ≥30 mg/24 h^a	3.32 (1.04–10.53)	0.04	2.452 (0.40–15.07)	0.33	2.31 (0.47–11.32)	0.30
eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m² at baseline^a	1.68 (0.44–6.37)	0.45	0.14 (0.02–1.26)	0.08	0.27 (0.05–1.64)	0.16
MVE at baseline	25.68 (7.64–86.30)	<0.0001	21.93 (3.85–124.81)	0.0005	–	–

SAF skin autofluorescence; CKD chronic kidney disease; MVE macrovascular events
^aMissing data: BMI (n = 10); HbA_1c (n = 1); Tobacco (n = 13); Albumin Excretion Rate (n = 6); eGFR (n = 7)

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