Table 1 Characteristics of the cases and controls
Cases | Control | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Patients (no.) | 4468 | 4468 | |
Age, mean (SD), years | 67.5 (47.3) | 67.5 (47.3) | >0.99 |
Male sex | 2969 (66.5) | 2969 (66.5) | >0.99 |
Monthly income | |||
Dependent | 1614 (36.1) | 1614 (36.1) | >0.99 |
0–19,100 NT dollars | 1291 (28.9) | 1291 (28.9) | |
19,100–42,000 NT dollars | 1454 (32.5) | 1454 (32.5) | |
> 42,000 NT dollars | 109 (2.4) | 109 (2.4) | |
Urbanizationa | |||
Level 1 | 1290 (28.9) | 1290 (28.9) | >0.99 |
Level 2 | 3000 (67.1) | 3000 (67.1) | |
Level 3 | 158 (3.5) | 158 (3.5) | |
Level 4 | 20 (0.4) | 20 (0.4) | |
Charlson comorbidity index scoreb (SD) | 5.1 (2.6) | 5.0 (2.5) | 0.051 |
Adapted diabetes complications severity index scorec (SD) | 2.7 (1.7) | 2.6 (1.7) | 0.057 |
Duration of diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, months (SD) | 67.5 (47.3) | 67.5 (47.3) | >0.99 |
Other comorbidity | |||
Hypertension | 4049 (90.6) | 4049 (90.6) | >0.99 |
Myocardial infarction | 463 (10.4) | 463 (10.4) | >0.99 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 2261 (50.6) | 2261 (50.6) | >0.99 |
Chronic kidney disease | 1529 (34.2) | 1529 (34.2) | >0.99 |
Peripheral artery disease | 395 (8.8) | 395 (8.8) | >0.99 |
Anti-hypertensive drug use | |||
Alpha blocker | 1619 (36.2) | 1501 (33.6) | 0.009 |
ACE inhibitor or ARB | 3538 (79.2) | 3386 (75.8) | <0.001 |
Beta blocker | 3571 (79.9) | 3369 (75.4) | <0.001 |
Calcium channel blocker | 3812 (85.3) | 3596 (80.5) | <0.001 |
Diuretics | 3345 (74.9) | 3102 (69.4) | <0.001 |
Antiplatelet agent | 3751 (84.0) | 3630 (81.2) | 0.001 |
Warfarin | 271 (6.1) | 193 (4.3) | <0.001 |
Statin | 1976 (44.2) | 1838 (41.1) | 0.003 |
Antidepressants | 1984 (44.4) | 1826 (40.9) | 0.001 |
Steroid | 3870 (86.6) | 3813 (85.3) | 0.082 |
NSAID | 4427 (99.1) | 4426 (99.1) | 0.912 |
Insulin | 419 (9.4) | 453 (10.1) | 0.225 |