TNF-α induces vascular insulin resistance via positive modulation of PTEN and decreased Akt/eNOS/NO signaling in high fat diet-fed mice

Table 1 Characteristics of C57Bl/6J and TNF-α receptors deficient mice fed with control and high fat diets

	Control diet	Control diet	High fat diet	High fat diet
	C57Bl/6J	TNF-α KO	C57Bl/6J	TNF-α KO
Initial body mass (g)	20.9 ± 0.5	20.6 ± 0.3	21.7 ± 0.4	21.2 ± 0.4
Final body mass (g)	28.8 ± 0.6	26.6 ± 0.6	42.5 ± 0.8*	40.9 ± 0.9*
Caloric intake (kcal/week)	74.8 ± 0.5	74.2 ± 0.5	91.4 ± 1.0*	94.8 ± 0.8*
Weight gain (g)	7.9 ± 0.4	5.9 ± 0.3	20.8 ± 0.9*	18.8 ± 1.1*
Feed efficiency (g/kcal) ×100	0.3 ± 0.04	0.2 ± 0.04	0.8 ± 0.08*	0.8 ± 0.03*
Epididymal fat (g)	0.50 ± 0.02	0.47 ± 0.03	4.41 ± 0.07*	4.13 ± 0.07*
Visceral fat (g)	0.15 ± 0.02	0.12 ± 0.02	2.85 ± 0.03*	2.77 ± 0.04*
Retroperitoneal fat (g)	0.14 ± 0.07	0.15 ± 0.03	2.99 ± 0.03*	1.78 ± 0.04*
Total fat (g)	0.79 ± 0.05	0.77 ± 0.09	10.25 ± 0.11*	8.72 ± 0.21*
Adiposity index (%)	2.24 ± 0.1	1.77 ± 0.2	13.27 ± 0.6*	12.25 ± 0.7*
Glycemia (mg/dL)	100.1 ± 2.4	96.8 ± 3.1	192.9 ± 3.7*	188.7 ± 1.3*

Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05 vs. respective control. n = 8–10 in each experimental group