Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the subjects

Age, y

66.5 ± 8.9

64.1 ± 10.3

69.1 ± 6.5

Male, n (%)

20 (57.1)

11 (61.1)

9 (52.9)

Body mass index, kg/m²

27.0 ± 4.2

27.2 ± 5.0

27.1 ± 4.9

27.0 ± 4.8

26.8 ± 3.3

26.9 ± 3.3

26.5 ± 3.0

Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg

128.0 ± 13.1

127.2 ± 14.0

129.5 ± 15.3

123.6 ± 12.5

136.9 ± 16.7

138.6 ± 15.6

133.2 ± 13.3*

Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg

72.8 ± 10.1

78.8 ± 10.6

75.4 ± 10.9

72.4 ± 10.2

79.8 ± 8.9

78.5 ± 8.8

76.5 ± 8.8

Heart rate, bpm

67.3 ± 9.5

67.1 ± 8.6

67.7 ± 10.3

67.9 ± 8.5

67.2 ± 9.6

65.6 ± 10.7

68.0 ± 12.9

Creatinine, μmol/L

72.0 ± 19.5

71.8 ± 19.3

70.5 ± 19.6

79.5 ± 24.6

72.2 ± 20.2

72.2 ± 22.7

76.8 ± 24.3

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.66 ± 0.75

4.74 ± 0.87

4.95 ± 1.19

4.72 ± 0.98

4.57 ± 0.60

4.57 ± 0.78

4.60 ± 0.69

Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.38 ± 0.48

1.49 ± 0.47

1.55 ± 0.53

1.19 ± 0.31

1.26 ± 0.47

1.26 ± 0.65

1.43 ± 0.97

HDL cholesterol, mmol/L

1.42 ± 0.37

1.38 ± 0.45

1.44 ± 0.40

1.45 ± 0.37

1.47 ± 0.27

1.46 ± 0.33

1.47 ± 0.34

Glucose, mmol/L

7.04 ± 1.11

7.03 ± 1.04

7.14 ± 1.46

6.66 ± 1.67

7.05 ± 1.21

6.66 ± 1.27

6.48 ± 0.81

HbA1c, %

7.0 ± 0.5

7.0 ± 0.6

6.6 ± 0.7

6.6 ± 0.7

7.0 ± 0.4

6.6 ± 0.3

6.6 ± 0.4

Brachial artery diameter, mm

4.08 ± 0.55

4.05 ± 0.60

4.02 ± 0.60

3.98 ± 0.58

4.11 ± 0.52

4.14 ± 0.59

4.19 ± 0.67

Current smoker, n (%)

5 (19.2)

5 (41.7)

0 (0)*

Complications

Hypertension, n (%)

26 (74.3)

13 (72.2)

13 (76.5)

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

25 (71.4)

11 (61.1)

14 (82.4)

Coronary heart disease, n (%)

18 (51.4)

8 (44.4)

10 (58.8)

Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

3 (8.5)

2 (11.1)

1 (5.9)

Antidiabetic drugs

Sulfonylurea, n (%)

10 (28.6)

5 (27.8)

6 (33.0)

6 (33.0)

5 (29.4)

3 (17.6)

3 (17.6)

Metformin, n (%)

9 (25.7)

5 (27.8)

7 (38.9)

7 (38.9)

4 (23.5)

5 (29.4)

5 (29.4)

α-Glucosidase inhibitor, n (%)

13 (37.1)

4 (22.2)

8 (44.4)

8 (44.4)

9 (52.9)

6 (35.3)

6 (35.3)

Pioglitazone, n (%)

4 (11.4)

2 (11.1)

3 (16.7)

3 (16.7)

2 (11.8)

1 (5.9)

1 (5.9)

Glinide, n (%)

1 (2.9)

0 (0)

1 (5.6)

1 (5.6)

1 (5.9)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Antihyperlipidemic drugs

Statin, n (%)

21 (60.0)

8 (44.4)

8 (44.4)

9 (50.0)

13 (76.4)

12 (70.1)

12 (70.1)

Fibrate, n (%)

2 (5.7)

2 (11.1)

2 (11.1)

2 (11.1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Eicosapentaenoic acid, n (%)

2 (5.7)

1 (5.6)

1 (5.6)

1 (5.6)

1 (5.9)

1 (5.9)

1 (5.9)

Ezetimibe, n (%)

1 (2.9)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (5.9)

1 (5.9)

1 (5.9)

Antihypertensive drugs

Calcium channel blocker, n (%)

21 (60.0)

11 (61.1)

11 (61.1)

11 (61.1)

10 (58.8)

10 (58.8)

10 (58.8)

ARB, n (%)

20 (57.1)

11 (61.1)

11 (61.1)

11 (61.1)

9 (52.9)

10 (58.8)

10 (58.8)

ACE inhibitor, n (%)

5 (14.2)

3 (16.7)

3 (16.7)

3 (16.7)

2 (11.8)

1 (5.9)

1 (5.9)

Diuretic, n (%)

8 (22.9)

3 (16.7)

3 (16.7)

4 (22.2)

5 (29.4)

5 (29.4)

5 (29.4)

Beta-blocker, n (%)

8 (22.9)

4 (22.2)

4 (22.2)

4 (22.2)

4 (23.5)

5 (29.4)

5 (29.4)

Others

Antiplatelet agent, n (%)

18 (51.4)

7 (38.9)

7 (38.9)

7 (38.9)

11 (64.7)

12 (70.6)

12 (70.6)