Adequate vitamin D status is associated with the reduced odds of prevalent diabetic retinopathy in African Americans and Caucasians

Table 2 Crude and adjusted OR and 95 % CIs for the diabetic retinopathy by vitamin D status among Caucasian and African American ARIC study participants classified as having diabetes and having gradable eye photos at visit 3 (1993–95), and available serum 25(OH)D concentrations at visit 2 (1990–92) (N = 1339)

Model	Vitamin D status defined by serum 25(OH)D concentrations (nmol/L)
	<30 deficient	30 to <50 inadequate	50 to <75 adequate	≥75 adequate	p trend*	Continuous, per 10 nmol/L
#With retinopathy/#in category	28/96	111/454	115/577	26/212
Crude model	1	0.79 (0.48–1.28)	0.61 (0.37–0.98)	0.34 (0.19–0.62)	<0.001	0.85 (0.79–0.92)
Model 1^a	1	0.77 (0.45–1.32)	0.64 (0.37–1.10)	0.39 (0.20–0.75)	0.001	0.87 (0.81–0.95)
Model 1 + HBA ^b_1c	1	0.81 (0.45–1.45)	0.70 (0.39–1.27)	0.47 (0.23–0.96)	0.030	0.91 (0.83–0.99)
Model 1 + hypertension status^b	1	0.77 (0.45–1.32)	0.63 (0.37–1.09)	0.38 (0.20–0.75)	0.001	0.87 (0.81–0.95)
Model 1 + HBA_1c + hypertension status	1	0.81 (0.45–1.46)	0.70 (0.39–1.25)	0.47 (0.23–0.96)	0.026	0.91 (0.83–0.99)

* p for trend calculated using season adjusted serum 25(OH)D as a continuous variable
^aModel 1: adjusted for race and duration of diabetes
^bHBA_1c was entered as a continuous variable; hypertension status is defined as in Table 1

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