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Table 4 ORs (95 % CIs) for metabolic disease and metabolic factors by quartiles of serum vitamin D levels in women (n = 82,506)

From: High levels of serum vitamin D are associated with a decreased risk of metabolic diseases in both men and women, but an increased risk for coronary artery calcification in Korean men

Characteristics

Quartiles of serum vitamin D levels

p for trend

Q1 (<9.7 mg/dL)

Q2 (9.7–12.8 mg/dL)

Q3 (12.8–17.2 mg/dL)

Q4 (≥17.2 mg/dL)

n = 20,691

n = 20,593

n = 20,604

n = 20,618

HTN

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

0.92 (0.83–1.02)

0.92 (0.84–1.02)

0.85 (0.78–0.94)

0.002

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.88 (0.78–1.01)

0.89 (0.78–1.01)

0.84 (0.74–0.95)

0.010

DM

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.03 (0.88–1.21)

0.96 (0.82–1.12)

0.95 (0.82–1.11)

0.373

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.12 (0.91–1.38)

0.94 (0.76–1.16)

0.92 (0.75–1.13)

0.198

CVD

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.14 (0.88–1.47)

1.15 (0.89–1.47)

1.05 (0.83–1.34)

0.767

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.31 (0.92–1.85)

1.14 (0.80–1.62)

1.13 (0.80–1.59)

0.756

FL

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

0.95 (0.89–1.01)

0.93 (0.88–0.99)

0.74 (0.69–0.78)

<0.001

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.93 (0.86–1.00)

0.89 (0.83–0.96)

0.69 (0.64–0.75)

<0.001

MS

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.01 (0.93–1.10)

0.91 (0.83–0.99)

0.71 (0.65–0.78)

<0.001

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.97 (0.87–1.08)

0.84 (0.76–0.94)

0.65 (0.58–0.73)

<0.001

Abdominal obesity

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.04 (1.00–1.09)

1.01 (0.96–1.05)

0.85 (0.81–0.89)

<0.001

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.06 (1.01–1.12)

1.00 (0.95–1.06)

0.86 (0.81–0.91)

<0.001

HOMA-IRa

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

0.98 (0.94–1.03)

0.89 (0.85–0.94)

0.73 (0.69–0.77)

<0.001

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.97 (0.92–1.03)

0.90 (0.85–0.96)

0.74 (0.69–0.78)

<0.001

hs-CRPb

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.08 (1.03–1.14)

1.05 (1.00–1.10)

1.08 (1.03–1.14)

0.009

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.09 (1.02–1.15)

1.03 (0.97–1.10)

1.11 (1.05–1.18)

0.005

  1. Differences were tested using multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis
  2. Model 1: adjustment for age, Model 2: adjustment for model 1 plus year of screening exam, center, smoking, alcohol, education, physical activity and season
  3. ORs odds ratios, CIs confidence intervals, HTN hypertension, FL fatty liver, MS metabolic syndrome, CVD cardiovascular disease, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hs-CRP high sensitive C-reactive protein
  4. aHOMA-IR >75 percentile, b hs-CRP >1.0 mg/L