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Table 3 ORs (95 % CIs) for metabolic disease and metabolic factors by quartiles of serum vitamin D levels in men (n = 98,412)

From: High levels of serum vitamin D are associated with a decreased risk of metabolic diseases in both men and women, but an increased risk for coronary artery calcification in Korean men

Characteristics

Quartiles of serum vitamin D levels

p for trend

Q1 (< 12.9 mg/dL)

Q2 (12.9–16.6 mg/dL)

Q3 (16.7–21.4 mg/dL)

Q4 (≥21.4 mg/dL)

n = 24,650

n = 24,612

n = 24,578

n = 24,572

HTN (%)

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (0.95–1.06)

1.08 (1.03–1.14)

1.09 (1.03–1.15)

<0.001

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.98 (0.92–1.04)

1.01 (0.96–1.07)

1.02 (0.96–1.08)

0.371

DM (%)

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.03 (0.94–1.13)

1.06 (0.97–1.17)

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

0.447

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.99 (0.89–1.10)

0.98 (0.88–1.09)

0.88 (0.79–0.98)

0.011

CVD (%)

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

0.89 (0.74–1.07)

1.02 (0.86–1.21)

0.97 (0.82–1.14)

0.901

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.90 (0.73–1.11)

0.99 (0.81–1.20)

0.94 (0.77–1.14)

0.742

FL (%)

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (0.97–1.04)

0.98 (0.95–1.02)

0.83 (0.80–0.86)

<0.001

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.97 (0.93–1.01)

0.92 (0.89–0.96)

0.77 (0.74–0.80)

<0.001

MS (%)

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.05 (0.99–1.10)

1.04 (0.99–1.09)

0.95 (0.90–1.00)

0.045

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.99 (0.94–1.04)

0.92 (0.87–0.97)

0.81 (0.76–0.86)

<0.001

Abdominal obesity (%)

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.09 (1.05–1.13)

1.11 (1.07–1.16)

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

0.011

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.07 (1.02–1.11)

1.04 (1.00–1.09)

0.96 (0.92–1.00)

0.031

HOMA-IR (%)a

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

0.97 (0.93–1.01)

0.97 (0.94–1.01)

0.86 (0.83–0.90)

<0.001

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.97 (0.93–1.01)

0.96 (0.92–1.00)

0.84 (0.80–0.87)

<0.001

hs-CRP (%)b

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (0.96–1.04)

1.01 (0.97–1.05)

0.99 (0.95–1.03)

0.859

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.01 (0.96–1.05)

1.00 (0.96–1.04)

0.98 (0.93–1.02)

0.270

  1. Differences were tested using multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis
  2. Model 1: adjustment for age, Model 2: adjustment for model 1 plus year of screening exam, center, smoking, alcohol, education, physical activity and season
  3. ORs odds ratios, CIs confidence intervals, HTN hypertension, FL fatty liver, MS metabolic syndrome, CVD cardiovascular disease, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hs-CRP high sensitive C-reactive protein
  4. aHOMA-IR >75 percentile, b hs-CRP > 1.0 mg/L
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840