Characteristics | Total subjects | Quartiles of serum vitamin D levels | p for trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (<9.7 mg/dL) | Q2 (9.7–12.8 mg/dL) | Q3 (12.8–17.2 mg/dL) | Q4 (≥17.2 mg/dL) | |||
n = 20,691 | n = 20,593 | n = 20,604 | n = 20,618 | |||
Age (years) | 38.5 (8.7) | 37.8 (8.6) | 37.9 (8.3) | 38.3 (8.3) | 40.0 (9.4) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.7 (3.1) | 21.7 (3.3) | 21.8 (3.2) | 21.7 (3.0) | 21.6 (2.8) | <0.001 |
Current smoker (%) | 2.38 | 2.70 | 2.45 | 2.07 | 2.29 | 0.002 |
Alcohol intake (%)a | 6.20 | 5.51 | 6.23 | 6.29 | 6.76 | <0.001 |
Regular exercise (%)b | 12.8 | 10.2 | 11.7 | 13.3 | 16.1 | <0.001 |
Higher education (%)c | 71.6 | 68.4 | 71.1 | 73.3 | 73.8 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 100.0 (11.0) | 100.1 (10.9) | 100.0 (10.9) | 99.8 (10.9) | 100.0 (11.2) | 0.357 |
DBP (mmHg) | 64.4 (8.5) | 64.3 (8.4) | 64.5 (8.5) | 64.3 (8.5) | 64.5 (8.6) | 0.053 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 91.4 (11.6) | 91.4 (11.9) | 91.4 (11.4) | 91.2 (11.2) | 91.5 (11.8) | 0.754 |
Insulin (μU/mL)d | 4.81 (3.29–6.84) | 4.96 (3.42–7.06) | 4.92 (3.38–7.02) | 4.79 (3.27–6.84) | 4.55 (3.13–6.43) | <0.001 |
TC (mg/dL) | 186.9 (32.6) | 184.6 (32.1) | 187.0 (32.8) | 187.7 (32.5) | 188.6 (32.8) | <0.001 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 109.3 (29.6) | 107.9 (29.0) | 109.5 (29.9) | 109.9 (29.6) | 110.1 (29.7) | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 64.3 (14.5) | 63.1 (14.2) | 64.1 (14.5) | 64.5 (14.6) | 65.4 (14.8) | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL)d | 70 (54–95) | 69 (53–95) | 70 (54–95) | 70 (53.5–95) | 70 (54–96) | 0.061 |
hs-CRP (mg/L)d | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | <0.001 |
Obesity (%) | 13.0 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 13.1 | 11.3 | <0.001 |
Abdominal obesity (%) | 27.4 | 27.4 | 28.2 | 27.8 | 26.3 | 0.014 |
DM (%) | 1.72 | 1.59 | 1.59 | 1.56 | 2.13 | <0.001 |
HTN (%) | 5.23 | 5.03 | 4.61 | 4.85 | 6.42 | <0.001 |
FL (%) | 11.8 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.1 | 0.001 |
MS (%) | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 0.001 |
CVD (%) | 0.68 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.86 | 0.003 |
HOMA-IRd | 1.08 (0.72–1.57) | 1.11 (0.75–1.62) | 1.10 (0.73–1.61) | 1.07 (0.71–1.57) | 1.02 (0.68–1.49) | <0.001 |