|
Characteristics
|
Total subjects
|
Quartiles of serum vitamin D levels
|
p for trend
|
|---|
|
Q1 (<9.7 mg/dL)
|
Q2 (9.7–12.8 mg/dL)
|
Q3 (12.8–17.2 mg/dL)
|
Q4 (≥17.2 mg/dL)
|
|---|
|
n = 20,691
|
n = 20,593
|
n = 20,604
|
n = 20,618
|
|---|
|
Age (years)
|
38.5 (8.7)
|
37.8 (8.6)
|
37.9 (8.3)
|
38.3 (8.3)
|
40.0 (9.4)
|
<0.001
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
21.7 (3.1)
|
21.7 (3.3)
|
21.8 (3.2)
|
21.7 (3.0)
|
21.6 (2.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
Current smoker (%)
|
2.38
|
2.70
|
2.45
|
2.07
|
2.29
|
0.002
|
|
Alcohol intake (%)a
|
6.20
|
5.51
|
6.23
|
6.29
|
6.76
|
<0.001
|
|
Regular exercise (%)b
|
12.8
|
10.2
|
11.7
|
13.3
|
16.1
|
<0.001
|
|
Higher education (%)c
|
71.6
|
68.4
|
71.1
|
73.3
|
73.8
|
<0.001
|
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
100.0 (11.0)
|
100.1 (10.9)
|
100.0 (10.9)
|
99.8 (10.9)
|
100.0 (11.2)
|
0.357
|
|
DBP (mmHg)
|
64.4 (8.5)
|
64.3 (8.4)
|
64.5 (8.5)
|
64.3 (8.5)
|
64.5 (8.6)
|
0.053
|
|
Glucose (mg/dL)
|
91.4 (11.6)
|
91.4 (11.9)
|
91.4 (11.4)
|
91.2 (11.2)
|
91.5 (11.8)
|
0.754
|
|
Insulin (μU/mL)d
|
4.81 (3.29–6.84)
|
4.96 (3.42–7.06)
|
4.92 (3.38–7.02)
|
4.79 (3.27–6.84)
|
4.55 (3.13–6.43)
|
<0.001
|
|
TC (mg/dL)
|
186.9 (32.6)
|
184.6 (32.1)
|
187.0 (32.8)
|
187.7 (32.5)
|
188.6 (32.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
LDL-C (mg/dL)
|
109.3 (29.6)
|
107.9 (29.0)
|
109.5 (29.9)
|
109.9 (29.6)
|
110.1 (29.7)
|
<0.001
|
|
HDL-C (mg/dL)
|
64.3 (14.5)
|
63.1 (14.2)
|
64.1 (14.5)
|
64.5 (14.6)
|
65.4 (14.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
TG (mg/dL)d
|
70 (54–95)
|
69 (53–95)
|
70 (54–95)
|
70 (53.5–95)
|
70 (54–96)
|
0.061
|
|
hs-CRP (mg/L)d
|
0.3 (0.2–0.7)
|
0.3 (0.2–0.7)
|
0.3 (0.2–0.7)
|
0.3 (0.2–0.7)
|
0.3 (0.2–0.7)
|
<0.001
|
|
Obesity (%)
|
13.0
|
13.7
|
13.7
|
13.1
|
11.3
|
<0.001
|
|
Abdominal obesity (%)
|
27.4
|
27.4
|
28.2
|
27.8
|
26.3
|
0.014
|
|
DM (%)
|
1.72
|
1.59
|
1.59
|
1.56
|
2.13
|
<0.001
|
|
HTN (%)
|
5.23
|
5.03
|
4.61
|
4.85
|
6.42
|
<0.001
|
|
FL (%)
|
11.8
|
12.3
|
11.8
|
11.8
|
11.1
|
0.001
|
|
MS (%)
|
5.6
|
5.8
|
5.8
|
5.4
|
5.2
|
0.001
|
|
CVD (%)
|
0.68
|
0.57
|
0.63
|
0.66
|
0.86
|
0.003
|
|
HOMA-IRd
|
1.08 (0.72–1.57)
|
1.11 (0.75–1.62)
|
1.10 (0.73–1.61)
|
1.07 (0.71–1.57)
|
1.02 (0.68–1.49)
|
<0.001
|
- Data are expressed as mean (SD)
-
BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C HDL cholesterol, TG triglyceride, hs-CRP high sensitive C-reactive protein, DM diabetes mellitus, HTN hypertension, FL fatty liver, MS metabolic syndrome, CVD cardiovascular disease, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
-
a≥20 g/day, b ≥3 times/week, c ≥college graduate, d data are expressed as median (IQR)
