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Table 1 Characteristics of the study subjects

From: Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase is not associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes

 

GGT (U/L)

P

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

≤16

17–23

24–37

≥38

n

257

267

250

250

 

Age (years)

58.6 ± 10.1

57.5 ± 10.0

55.6 ± 9.5

55.1 ± 10.0

<0.001

Male gender (%)

59 (23.0)

109 (40.8)

125 (50.0)

139 (55.6)

<0.001

Current smokers (%)

25 (9.7)

37 (13.9)

47 (18.8)

49 (19.6)

0.006

Alcohol (%)

47 (18.3)

87 (32.6)

112 (44.8)

122 (48.8)

<0.001

Duration (years)

9.4 (8.5–10.3)

8.1 (7.2–9.0)

6.7 (5.8–7.6)

6.0 (5.1–6.9)

<0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

23.9 ± 3.1

24.7 ± 3.4

25.6 ± 3.6

26.1 ± 3.6

<0.001

WC (cm)

83.5 ± 9.1

86.1 ± 8.8

88.7 ± 8.8

90.7 ± 9.6

<0.001

FPG (mg/dL)

146.3 ± 62.3

148.9 ± 56.6

161.5 ± 70.0

172.1 ± 68.9

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

7.9 ± 2.1

8.0 ± 2.2

8.1 ± 2.2

8.2 ± 2.0

0.345

HOMA-IRa

3.9 (2.6–5.2)

2.8 (1.6–4.1)

3.8 (2.6–5.1)

4.4 (3.2–5.6)

0.353

TC (mg/dL)

169.4 ± 44.6

173.1 ± 40.8

177.7 ± 43.7

185.6 ± 48.6

<0.001

TG (mg/dL)

127.1 (114.6–139.7)

148.8 (136.3–161.2)

170.3 (157.2–183.5)

199.0 (185.9–212.0)

<0.001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

48.1 ± 11.4

46.6 ± 12.1

46.0 ± 11.9

45.6 ± 11.5

0.111

LDL-C (mg/dL)

106.5 ± 33.4

105.2 ± 34.5

110.8 ± 32.7

117.3 ± 37.6

<0.001

Uric acid (mg/dL)

4.8 ± 1.3

4.9 ± 1.4

5.2 ± 1.5

5.3 ± 1.5

0.007

AST (U/L)

20.6 ± 5.7

22.6 ± 7.4

25.3 ± 9.6

31.1 ± 13.5

<0.001

ALT (U/L)

17.8 ± 8.0

22.9 ± 12.2

28.2 ± 14.3

36.3 ± 18.5

<0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

101.8 ± 32.4

99.0 ± 28.2

101.2 ± 27.4

106.9 ± 29.5

0.021

SBP (mmHg)

129.6 ± 19.3

129.4 ± 17.0

129.1 ± 16.8

132.4 ± 16.9

0.264

DBP (mmHg)

76.5 ± 10.5

77.7 ± 10.1

78.7 ± 9.4

80.3 ± 10.3

<0.001

Usage of medication (%)

Insulin

72 (28.0)

59 (22.1)

53 (21.2)

38 (17.1)

0.006

Anti-platelet agent

101 (39.3)

100 (37.5)

83 (33.2)

80 (32.0)

0.264

CCB

53 (20.6)

59 (22.1)

59 (23.6)

46 (18.4)

0.529

ACEI/ARB

93 (36.2)

84 (61.5)

95 (38.0)

85 (34.0)

0.436

Beta blocker

23 (9.0)

19 (7.1)

22 (8.8)

20 (8.0)

0.864

Statin

92 (35.8)

104 (39.0)

117 (46.8)

89 (35.6)

0.034

baPWV (cm/s)

1583 ± 338

1578 ± 329

1518 ± 322

1556 ± 323

0.102

IMT (mm)

0.65 ± 0.14

0.65 ± 0.14

0.67 ± 0.15

0.66 ± 0.14

0.663

Carotid plaque (%)

0.984

Grade 0

161 (62.7)

168 (62.9)

156 (62.4)

150 (60.0)

 

Grade 1

23 (9.0)

22 (8.2)

16 (6.4)

22 (8.8)

Grade 2

46 (17.9)

46 (17.2)

44 (17.6)

51 (20.4)

Grade 3

25 (9.7)

29 (10.9)

32 (12.8)

26 (10.4)

Grade 4

2 (0.8)

2 (0.8)

2 (0.8)

1 (0.4)

  1. Data are means ± SD or numbers (percentage)
  2. BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine transferase, ALP alkaline phosphatase, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CCB calcium channel blocker, ACEI/ARB angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/ angiotensin II receptor blocker, CVD cardiovascular disease, FRS Framingham Risk Score, baPWV brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, IMT intima-media thickness
  3. aN = 505