| |
GGT (U/L)
|
P
|
|---|
|
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
|
|---|
|
≤16
|
17–23
|
24–37
|
≥38
|
|---|
|
n
|
257
|
267
|
250
|
250
| |
|
Age (years)
|
58.6 ± 10.1
|
57.5 ± 10.0
|
55.6 ± 9.5
|
55.1 ± 10.0
|
<0.001
|
|
Male gender (%)
|
59 (23.0)
|
109 (40.8)
|
125 (50.0)
|
139 (55.6)
|
<0.001
|
|
Current smokers (%)
|
25 (9.7)
|
37 (13.9)
|
47 (18.8)
|
49 (19.6)
|
0.006
|
|
Alcohol (%)
|
47 (18.3)
|
87 (32.6)
|
112 (44.8)
|
122 (48.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
Duration (years)
|
9.4 (8.5–10.3)
|
8.1 (7.2–9.0)
|
6.7 (5.8–7.6)
|
6.0 (5.1–6.9)
|
<0.001
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
23.9 ± 3.1
|
24.7 ± 3.4
|
25.6 ± 3.6
|
26.1 ± 3.6
|
<0.001
|
|
WC (cm)
|
83.5 ± 9.1
|
86.1 ± 8.8
|
88.7 ± 8.8
|
90.7 ± 9.6
|
<0.001
|
|
FPG (mg/dL)
|
146.3 ± 62.3
|
148.9 ± 56.6
|
161.5 ± 70.0
|
172.1 ± 68.9
|
<0.001
|
|
HbA1c (%)
|
7.9 ± 2.1
|
8.0 ± 2.2
|
8.1 ± 2.2
|
8.2 ± 2.0
|
0.345
|
|
HOMA-IRa
|
3.9 (2.6–5.2)
|
2.8 (1.6–4.1)
|
3.8 (2.6–5.1)
|
4.4 (3.2–5.6)
|
0.353
|
|
TC (mg/dL)
|
169.4 ± 44.6
|
173.1 ± 40.8
|
177.7 ± 43.7
|
185.6 ± 48.6
|
<0.001
|
|
TG (mg/dL)
|
127.1 (114.6–139.7)
|
148.8 (136.3–161.2)
|
170.3 (157.2–183.5)
|
199.0 (185.9–212.0)
|
<0.001
|
|
HDL-C (mg/dL)
|
48.1 ± 11.4
|
46.6 ± 12.1
|
46.0 ± 11.9
|
45.6 ± 11.5
|
0.111
|
|
LDL-C (mg/dL)
|
106.5 ± 33.4
|
105.2 ± 34.5
|
110.8 ± 32.7
|
117.3 ± 37.6
|
<0.001
|
|
Uric acid (mg/dL)
|
4.8 ± 1.3
|
4.9 ± 1.4
|
5.2 ± 1.5
|
5.3 ± 1.5
|
0.007
|
|
AST (U/L)
|
20.6 ± 5.7
|
22.6 ± 7.4
|
25.3 ± 9.6
|
31.1 ± 13.5
|
<0.001
|
|
ALT (U/L)
|
17.8 ± 8.0
|
22.9 ± 12.2
|
28.2 ± 14.3
|
36.3 ± 18.5
|
<0.001
|
|
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
|
101.8 ± 32.4
|
99.0 ± 28.2
|
101.2 ± 27.4
|
106.9 ± 29.5
|
0.021
|
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
129.6 ± 19.3
|
129.4 ± 17.0
|
129.1 ± 16.8
|
132.4 ± 16.9
|
0.264
|
|
DBP (mmHg)
|
76.5 ± 10.5
|
77.7 ± 10.1
|
78.7 ± 9.4
|
80.3 ± 10.3
|
<0.001
|
|
Usage of medication (%)
|
|
Insulin
|
72 (28.0)
|
59 (22.1)
|
53 (21.2)
|
38 (17.1)
|
0.006
|
|
Anti-platelet agent
|
101 (39.3)
|
100 (37.5)
|
83 (33.2)
|
80 (32.0)
|
0.264
|
|
CCB
|
53 (20.6)
|
59 (22.1)
|
59 (23.6)
|
46 (18.4)
|
0.529
|
|
ACEI/ARB
|
93 (36.2)
|
84 (61.5)
|
95 (38.0)
|
85 (34.0)
|
0.436
|
|
Beta blocker
|
23 (9.0)
|
19 (7.1)
|
22 (8.8)
|
20 (8.0)
|
0.864
|
|
Statin
|
92 (35.8)
|
104 (39.0)
|
117 (46.8)
|
89 (35.6)
|
0.034
|
|
baPWV (cm/s)
|
1583 ± 338
|
1578 ± 329
|
1518 ± 322
|
1556 ± 323
|
0.102
|
|
IMT (mm)
|
0.65 ± 0.14
|
0.65 ± 0.14
|
0.67 ± 0.15
|
0.66 ± 0.14
|
0.663
|
|
Carotid plaque (%)
|
0.984
|
|
Grade 0
|
161 (62.7)
|
168 (62.9)
|
156 (62.4)
|
150 (60.0)
| |
|
Grade 1
|
23 (9.0)
|
22 (8.2)
|
16 (6.4)
|
22 (8.8)
|
|
Grade 2
|
46 (17.9)
|
46 (17.2)
|
44 (17.6)
|
51 (20.4)
|
|
Grade 3
|
25 (9.7)
|
29 (10.9)
|
32 (12.8)
|
26 (10.4)
|
|
Grade 4
|
2 (0.8)
|
2 (0.8)
|
2 (0.8)
|
1 (0.4)
|
- Data are means ± SD or numbers (percentage)
-
BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine transferase, ALP alkaline phosphatase, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CCB calcium channel blocker, ACEI/ARB angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/ angiotensin II receptor blocker, CVD cardiovascular disease, FRS Framingham Risk Score, baPWV brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, IMT intima-media thickness
-
aN = 505
