Table 1 Subject’s clinical and metabolic characteristics

Age year

46 ± 13

–

–

46 ± 12.6

1

47.4 ± 13.6

–

–

0.8

Sex M/F n

11/12

–

–

11/12

–

5/4

–

–

–

DOD years

23 ± 13.6

–

–

–

–

23.7 ± 14.1

–

–

0.9

BMI kg/m²

28.7 (24-32)

29 (23-32)

 >0.05

26.2 ± 4.7

0.1

23.8 (22–27)

23.7 (21.3–27.1)

0.3

<0.05

Systolic BP mmHg

125 ± 10.8

121 ± 14

0.2

119.4 ± 9

0.2

132.8 ± 6.2

130.8 ± 12.1

0.7

0.05

Diastolic BP mmHg

76.2 ± 9.2

74 ± 7

0.1

75.7 ± 9

0.9

77 ± 8.2

72.9 ± 3.6

0.4

0.8

HbA1c mmol/mol

56.9 ± 10.5

55.9 ± 8.5

0.5

34.8 ± 2.9

<0.0001

58.6 ± 7.4

59 ± 9

0.7

0.6

HbA1c  %

7.3 ± 0.9

7.3 ± 0.8

0.6

5.3 ± 0.3

<0.0001

7.5 ± 0.70

7.5 ± 0.8

0.6

Insulin dose units

44 (20–69)

39 (18–66)

<0.001

–

–

52.3 ± 11

52.9 ± 11

0.5

0.4

Smoking y/e/n

4/2/17

–

–

0/0/23

2/1/6

–

–

–

Total cholesterol mmol/l

4.5 ± 0.8

4.4 ± 1

0.2

4.96 ± 0.8

0.1

4.8 ± 1.3

4.9 ± 1.4

0.8

0.7

Triglyceride mmol/l

0.9 ± 0.4

0.9 ± 0.4

0.9

1.5 ± 0.9

0.008

0.7 ± 0.32

0.7 ± 0.3

0.6

0.2

HDL-cholesterol mmol/l

1.8 ± 0.5

1.6 ± 0.4

<0.05

1.6 ± 0.4

0.1

1.9 ± 0.6

2.1 ± 0.6

0.4

0.5

Creatinine umol/l

73 (68–94)

70 (63–77)

0.01

78 (70–87)

0.3

75 (65–87)

77 (62.8–83.5)

0.7

0.7

WCC

6.4 ± 2.4

6.3 ± 2

0.7

6.3 ± 1.6

0.9

5.8 ± 1.5

5.6 ± 1.7

0.9

0.5