Fig. 2

Effect of insulin and insulin analogues on Akt signalling and cardiac contraction in ARVM. Adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (ARVM) were treated for 10 min with 100 nM insulin or insulin analogues to investigate the insulin signalling pathway in these cells (a). ARVM were isolated by enzymatic digestion, starved overnight and treated with 100 nM insulin or insulin analogues or 10 nM isoproterenol as positive control. ARVM were paced at 1 Hz, 15 V, 0.5 ms with the IonOptix Myopacer Cell Stimulator System to assess the sarcomeric shortening (b), departure velocity (c) and return velocity (d). In each condition at least 10 contractions of 10-14 cardiomyocytes were measured under steady-state conditions. Data represent mean values ± SEM, n = 4, *p < 0.05 vs. basal. Regular insulin Ins, isoproterenol iso, insulin glargine IGla, active metabolite of insulin glargine IGlaM1, insulin degludec IDeg