Fig. 1

Binding affinity and Akt signalling of long-acting insulin analogues. a Membrane embedded insulin receptor preparations were used to analyse binding of Ins, IGlaM1 and IDeg in a competition binding assay, as described in [21]. Percentage of binding is normalised to maximum binding of [¹²⁵I]-labelled human insulin. Data represent mean values ± SEM, n = 4-5. b–d HL-1 cells were used to assess the onset of insulin action by treatment with 200 nM for 5 (b); 10 (c) or 60 min (d) with insulin or insulin analogues. Phosphorylation of Akt(Ser⁴⁷³) was assessed by Western blot analysis. Data are normalised to tubulin levels. Representative blots are shown. Data represent mean values ± SEM, n = 4–5, *p < 0.05 vs. basal, ^#p < 0.05 vs. IDeg. Regular insulin Ins, insulin glargine IGla, active metabolite of insulin glargine IGlaM1, insulin degludec IDeg