Table 1 Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome (MS)
|  | MS (n = 825) | Non-MS (n = 1601) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
Clinical and anthropometric parameters | |||
 Age, years | 56.6 (7.5) | 56.2 ± 7.2 | 0.180 |
 No. (%) of male | 661 (80.0) | 1278 (79.8) | 0.873 |
 Height, cm | 167.5 (7.6) | 166.7 (7.4) | 0.010 |
 Weight, kg | 73.8 (10.3) | 66.5 (9.1) | <0.001 |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 26.2 (2.6) | 23.9 (2.3) | <0.001 |
 Waist circumference, cm | 92.7 (6.6) | 85.9 (6.4) | <0.001 |
 SBP, mmHg | 127.5 (13.8) | 118.5 (14.3) | <0.001 |
 DBP, mmHg | 83.8 (10.5) | 77.8 (10.5) | <0.001 |
Biochemical parameters | |||
 Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 6.37 (1.30) | 5.49 (0.93) | <0.001 |
 HbA1c,  % | 6.1 (0.8) | 5.8 (0.6) | <0.001 |
 Insulin, μU/mL | 12.3 (5.6) | 8.5 (4.1) | <0.001 |
 HOMA-IRa | 3.48 (1.74) | 2.12 (1.10) | <0.001 |
 HOMA-βa | 97.6 (57.8) | 95.0 (54.2) | 0.434 |
 AST, IU/L | 28.9 (14.0) | 24.8 (9.3) | <0.001 |
 ALT, IU/L | 34.3 (21.5) | 26.2 (14.7) | <0.001 |
 γGT, IU/L | 55.6 (59.5) | 35.7 (30.8) | <0.001 |
 Creatinine, µmol/L | 93.70 (17.68) | 93.70 (15.03) | 0.884 |
 Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.13 (0.93) | 5.18 (0.88) | 0.147 |
 Triglyceride, mmol/L | 2.04 (104.1) | 1.18 (0.58) | <0.001 |
 HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.21 (0.29) | 1.42 (0.32) | <0.001 |
 LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.02 (0.87) | 3.23 (0.81) | <0.001 |
 hsCRPa, mg/dL | 0.17 (0.42) | 0.14 (0.44) | 0.118 |
Comorbidity and lifestyles | |||
 Hypertension (%) | 70.9 | 32.8 | <0.001 |
 Diabetes mellitus (%) | 32.3 | 12.7 | <0.001 |
 Dyslipidemia (%) | 37.5 | 27.6 | <0.001 |
Medication | |||
 Hypertension (%) | 58.0 | 23.5 | <0.001 |
 Diabetes mellitus (%) | 18.9 | 7.5 | <0.001 |
 Dyslipidemia (%) | 36.0 | 22.8 | <0.001 |
Smoking status | 0.119 | ||
 Current smoker (%) | 12.7 | 11.6 |  |
 Ex-smoker (%) | 43.2 | 39.9 |  |
 Never smoker (%) | 44.1 | 48.5 |  |
 Current drinker (%) | 74.3 | 73.0 | 0.673 |
 Regular exercise (%) | 34.5 | 35.5 | 0.654 |