Table 1 Clinical characteristics and medications at base-line in 749 patients with type 2 diabetes, stratified according to their orthostatic blood pressure reactions
Normal orthostatic blood pressure response (n = 534) | Systolic orthostatic hypertension (n = 45) | Systolic orthostatic hypotension (n = 24) | Diastolic orthostatic hypertension (n = 140) | Diastolic orthostatic hypotension (n = 31) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 60.7 ± 3.0 | 60.4 ± 3.5 | 60.8 ± 2.6 | 60.4 ± 3.1 | 61.5 ± 3.3 |
Women, n (%) | 183 (34.3 %) | 18 (40 %) | 7 (29.2 %) | 47 (33.6 %) | 11 (35.5 %) |
Diabetes duration (years) | 7.0 ± 5.4 | 6.3 ± 5.4 | 9.2 ± 11.2 | 7.4 ± 7.5 | 8.7 ± 6.0 |
Previous MI, n (%) | 52 (9.8 %) | 2 (4.4 %) | 2 (8.3 %) | 10 (7.1 %) | 2 (6.5 %) |
Previous stroke, n (%) | 10 (1.9 %) | 3 (6.8 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 6 (4.3 %) | 1 (3.2 %) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 ± 4.7 | 31.8 ± 5.1* | 29.7 ± 4.9 | 30.0 ± 4.9 | 30.0 ± 4.5 |
HbA1c, Mono S (%) | 6.1 ± 1.2 | 5.9 ± 1.0 | 6.2 ± 0.9 | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 6.2 ± 0.9 |
HbA1c, IFCC (mmol/mol) | 52.9 ± 12.3 | 51.2 ± 10.5 | 54.2 ± 9.6 | 52.8 ± 10.5 | 54.5 ± 9.7 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 74.1 ± 16.1 | 80.8 ± 21.4 | 76.4 ± 23.7 | 77.5 ± 18.5 | 74.7 ± 17.7 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 4.7 ± 1.1 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.8 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.2 |
Resting heart rate (bpm) | 66.7 ± 11.3 | 66.2 ± 11.9 | 68.1 ± 13.8 | 66.4 ± 10.7 | 69.7 ± 13.6 |
Diabetes treatment, n (%) | |||||
Lifestyle only | 155 (29.0 %) | 19 (42.2 %) | 5 (20.8 %) | 35 (25.0 %) | 4 (12.9 %) |
OAD/NNI | 217 (40.6 %) | 16 (35.6 %) | 11 (45.8 %) | 59 (42.1 %) | 15 (48.4 %) |
Insulin | 74 (13.9 %) | 1 (2.2 %) | 4 (16.7 %) | 15 (10.7 %) | 5 (16.1 %) |
Insulin + OAD/NNI | 88 (16.5 %) | 9 (20.0 %) | 4 (16.7 %) | 31 (22.1 %) | 7 (22.6 %) |
Beta-blockers, n (%) | 184 (34.4 %) | 18 (40.0 %) | 8 (33.3 %) | 52 (37.1 %) | 12 (38.7 %) |
Loop diuretics, n (%) | 42 (7.9 %) | 5 (11.1 %) | 2 (8.7 %) | 11 (7.9 %) | 1 (3.2 %) |
Thiazide diuretics, n (%) | 51 (9.6 %) | 6 (13.3 %) | 2 (8.7 %) | 16 (11.5 %) | 5 (16.1 %) |
ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 229 (42.9 %) | 19 (42.2 %) | 9 (39.1 %) | 64 (45.7 %) | 13 (41.9 %) |
CCB, n (%) | 85 (15.9 %) | 6 (13.3 %) | 4 (17.4 %) | 15 (10.8 %) | 6 (19.4 %) |
Any BP medication, n (%) | 343 (64.2 %) | 28 (62.2 %) | 14 (58.3 %) | 100 (71.4 %) | 19 (61.3 %) |
Statin treatment, n (%) | 293 (55.0 %) | 20 (44.4 %) | 11 (47.8 %) | 76 (54.3 %) | 17 (54.8 %) |
Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
Never smoked | 172 (32.9 %) | 17 (37.8 %) | 6 (25.0 %) | 39 (28.1 %) | 9 (29.0 %) |
Former smoker | 256 (48.9 %) | 19 (42.2 %) | 12 (50.0 %) | 72 (51.8 %) | 14 (45.2 %) |
Current smoker | 95 (18.2 %) | 9 (20.0 %) | 6 (25.0 %) | 28 (20.1 %) | 8 (25.8 %) |