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Table 1 Clinical characteristics

From: Mitochondrial DNA damage and vascular function in patients with diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

 

No athero or DM

(N = 98)

Athero alone

(N = 55)

DM alone

(N = 74)

Athero and DM

(N = 48)

Clinical characteristics

 Age, years

55 ± 7

60 ± 10

55 ± 10

62 ± 8

 Female, %

49

18

47

31

 Black race, %

31

27

65

29

 Hypertension, %

21

67*

70*

88*

 Hypercholesterolemia, %

56

82*

61*

85*

 Smoking ever, %

47

78

58

64

 Family history of CAD, %

32

38

27

46

 Body mass index, kg/m2

27.6 ± 5.0

29.6 ± 6.0*

34.3 ± 8.4*

31.3 ± 4.9*

 Systolic BP, mmHg

123 ± 15

130 ± 20*

135 ± 18*

141 ± 20 *

 Diastolic BP, mmHg

73 ± 9

74 ± 11

76 ± 8

78 ± 27

 Total cholesterol, mg/dl

204 ± 42

168 ± 39*

176 ± 37*

150 ± 39*

 LDL cholesterol, mg/dl

124 ± 40

97 ± 31*

101 ± 29*

82 ± 32*

 HDL cholesterol, mg/dl

58 ± 22

45 ± 14*

46 ± 15*

42 ± 13*

 Triglycerides, mg/dl

112 ± 82

134 ± 76

147 ± 95*

135 ± 95

 Fasting glucose, mg/dl

92 ± 12

107 ± 27*

181 ± 85*

163 ± 73*

 Insulin, uU/ml

7.4 ± 5.6

13.3 ± 13.8*

17.7 ± 25.6*

13.2 ± 11.5*

 ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy, N (%)

8

45*

46*

54*

 β-blocker therapy, N (%)

7

44*

23*

62*

 Lipid lowering therapy, N (%)

9

87*

42*

71*

 Antiplatelet therapy, N (%)

15

93*

44*

69*

 Insulin therapy, N (%)

0

0

43*

38*

 Metformin therapy, N (%)

0

0

53*

33*

 Sulfonylureas, N (%)

0

0

7*

8*

Vascular measures

 Baseline brachial diameter, mm

4.11 ± 0.65

4.57 ± 0.63*

4.39 ± 0.75

4.46 ± 0.64*

 Baseline brachial velocity, cm/s

16 ± 9

16 ± 6

16 ± 6

18 ± 8

 Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, %

9.3 ± 4.5

7.0 ± 3.9*

6.6 ± 4.3*

6.8 ± 4.0*

 Nitroglycerin-mediated dilation, %

13.5 ± 6.1

9.2 ± 5.7*

10.4 ± 5.1

9.2 ± 6.1*

 ln baseline pulse amplitude

5.7 ± 0.88

6.4 ± 0.63*

6.0 ± 0.78

6.3 ± 0.73*

 ln PAT ratio

0.75 ± 0.37

0.56 ± 0.33*

0.64 ± 0.39

0.55 ± 0.51

  1. Mean ± standard deviation or percent as appropriate
  2. Athero atherosclerosis, DM diabetes mellitus, CAD coronary artery disease, BP blood pressure, LDL low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, PAT peripheral artery tonometry
  3. * P < 0.01 by ANOVA or Chi squared as appropriate