No athero or DM (N = 98) | Athero alone (N = 55) | DM alone (N = 74) | Athero and DM (N = 48) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical characteristics | ||||
Age, years | 55 ± 7 | 60 ± 10 | 55 ± 10 | 62 ± 8 |
Female, % | 49 | 18 | 47 | 31 |
Black race, % | 31 | 27 | 65 | 29 |
Hypertension, % | 21 | 67* | 70* | 88* |
Hypercholesterolemia, % | 56 | 82* | 61* | 85* |
Smoking ever, % | 47 | 78 | 58 | 64 |
Family history of CAD, % | 32 | 38 | 27 | 46 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.6 ± 5.0 | 29.6 ± 6.0* | 34.3 ± 8.4* | 31.3 ± 4.9* |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 123 ± 15 | 130 ± 20* | 135 ± 18* | 141 ± 20 * |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 73 ± 9 | 74 ± 11 | 76 ± 8 | 78 ± 27 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 204 ± 42 | 168 ± 39* | 176 ± 37* | 150 ± 39* |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 124 ± 40 | 97 ± 31* | 101 ± 29* | 82 ± 32* |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 58 ± 22 | 45 ± 14* | 46 ± 15* | 42 ± 13* |
Triglycerides, mg/dl | 112 ± 82 | 134 ± 76 | 147 ± 95* | 135 ± 95 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 92 ± 12 | 107 ± 27* | 181 ± 85* | 163 ± 73* |
Insulin, uU/ml | 7.4 ± 5.6 | 13.3 ± 13.8* | 17.7 ± 25.6* | 13.2 ± 11.5* |
ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy, N (%) | 8 | 45* | 46* | 54* |
β-blocker therapy, N (%) | 7 | 44* | 23* | 62* |
Lipid lowering therapy, N (%) | 9 | 87* | 42* | 71* |
Antiplatelet therapy, N (%) | 15 | 93* | 44* | 69* |
Insulin therapy, N (%) | 0 | 0 | 43* | 38* |
Metformin therapy, N (%) | 0 | 0 | 53* | 33* |
Sulfonylureas, N (%) | 0 | 0 | 7* | 8* |
Vascular measures | ||||
Baseline brachial diameter, mm | 4.11 ± 0.65 | 4.57 ± 0.63* | 4.39 ± 0.75 | 4.46 ± 0.64* |
Baseline brachial velocity, cm/s | 16 ± 9 | 16 ± 6 | 16 ± 6 | 18 ± 8 |
Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, % | 9.3 ± 4.5 | 7.0 ± 3.9* | 6.6 ± 4.3* | 6.8 ± 4.0* |
Nitroglycerin-mediated dilation, % | 13.5 ± 6.1 | 9.2 ± 5.7* | 10.4 ± 5.1 | 9.2 ± 6.1* |
ln baseline pulse amplitude | 5.7 ± 0.88 | 6.4 ± 0.63* | 6.0 ± 0.78 | 6.3 ± 0.73* |
ln PAT ratio | 0.75 ± 0.37 | 0.56 ± 0.33* | 0.64 ± 0.39 | 0.55 ± 0.51 |