Table 1 Participant characteristics according to levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction: CARDIA Year 15 (2000–2001)
From: Oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and incidence of type 2 diabetes
| Â | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Oxidative stress | ||||
 F2-Isoprostanes | ||||
  N | 591 | 576 | 579 | 593 |
  F2-Isoprostanes (ng/mL) | 31.9 (5.0) | 44.5 (3.4) | 58.2 (34.4) | 100.2 (36.3) |
  Age (years) | 40.3 (3.6) | 39.9 (3.5) | 40.3 (3.7) | 40.0 (3.8) |
  Race (% black) | 41.0 | 46.0 | 42.0 | 47.0 |
  Sex (% female) | 46.0 | 49.0 | 57.0 | 82.0 |
  Education (years) | 15.4 (2.5) | 15.0 (2.5) | 15.2 (2.5) | 14.9 (2.3) |
  BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 (4.6) | 26.9 (4.9) | 28.2 (6.1) | 31.7 (7.6) |
  Smoking (% current) | 13.4 | 19.1 | 20.4 | 22.4 |
  Alcohol (% light-moderate) | 45.8 | 47.4 | 41.1 | 30.8 |
  Alcohol (% heavy) | 7.8 | 10.9 | 14.2 | 14.3 |
  Physical activityc | 393.2 (281.4) | 384.7 (286.2) | 336.2 (266.3) | 276.1 (239.9) |
  Carotenoid index | 81.9 (46.4) | 70.6 (36.5) | 61.4 (28.8) | 51.2 (26.7) |
Oxidized LDL | ||||
 N | 580 | 588 | 598 | 573 |
 Oxidized LDL (U/L) | 48.4 (9.3) | 69.7 (4.8) | 86.2 (5.5) | 113.9 (14.7) |
 Age (years) | 40.1 (3.7) | 40.2 (3.6) | 40.0 (3.5) | 40.1 (3.8) |
 Race (% black) | 38.0 | 45.0 | 45.0 | 48.0 |
 Sex (% female) | 69.0 | 63.0 | 53.0 | 47.0 |
 Education (years) | 15.4 (2.5) | 15.2 (2.5) | 15.1 (2.5) | 14.8 (2.4) |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 (5.7) | 28.1 (6.6) | 28.6 (5.9) | 30.3 (6.2) |
 Smoking (% current) | 17.5 | 18.3 | 20.0 | 19.3 |
 Alcohol (% light-moderate) | 39.1 | 40.9 | 43.6 | 41.4 |
 Alcohol (% heavy) | 14.5 | 11.6 | 10.8 | 10.2 |
 Physical activity | 366.8 (270.5) | 348.9 (281.2) | 346.3 (274.4) | 328.6 (264.0) |
 Carotenoid index | 67.9 (40.2) | 67.8 (38.8) | 65.4 (35.0) | 64.0 (34.6) |
Inflammation | ||||
 C-reactive protein | ||||
  N | 582 | 602 | 587 | 568 |
  C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.31 (0.12) | 0.84 (0.22) | 2.23 (0.63) | 8.82 (7.24) |
  Age (years) | 39.9 (3.4) | 40.2 (3.6) | 40.4 (3.7) | 39.9 (3.82) |
  Race (% black) | 34.0 | 37.0 | 46.0 | 59.0 |
  Sex (% female) | 53.0 | 50.0 | 57.0 | 74.0 |
  Education (years) | 15.4 (2.5) | 15.3 (2.4) | 15.0 (2.6) | 14.7 (2.4) |
  BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 (3.7) | 26.8 (4.5) | 28.8 (5.5) | 33.0 (7.5) |
  Smoking (% current) | 13.7 | 19.4 | 18.8 | 23.3 |
  Alcohol (% light-moderate)a | 45.6 | 43.1 | 40.4 | 35.9 |
  Alcohol (% heavy)b | 12.1 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 9.5 |
  Physical activity | 388.9 (277.8) | 372.9 (273.6) | 348.1 (274.0) | 278.9 (252.9) |
  Carotenoid index | 81.3 (45.5) | 69.2 (36.1) | 61.9 (32.0) | 52.3 (26.4) |
Endothelial dysfunction | ||||
 ICAM-1 | ||||
  N | 597 | 589 | 571 | 582 |
  ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 111.3 (10.8) | 134.9 (5.6) | 157.0 (7.2) | 204.3 (33.2) |
  Age (years) | 40.2 (3.5) | 40.2 (3.6) | 40.0 (3.6) | 40.1 (3.8) |
  Race (% black) | 29.0 | 36.0 | 50.0 | 62.0 |
  Sex (% female) | 64.0 | 57.0 | 56.0 | 55.0 |
  Education (years) | 15.8 (2.3) | 15.5 (2.5) | 15.0 (2.5) | 14.2 (2.2) |
  BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 (4.7) | 27.3 (5.7) | 29.2 (6.0) | 30.9 (7.3) |
  Smoking (% current) | 7.9 | 11.5 | 18.4 | 38.3 |
  Alcohol (% light-moderate) | 48.5 | 42.9 | 36.7 | 36.7 |
  Alcohol (% heavy) | 12.5 | 9.7 | 11.6 | 13.3 |
  Physical activity | 388.0 (284.7) | 368.0 (270.7) | 341.5 (277.4) | 290.2 (247.5) |
  Carotenoid index | 80.0 (38.6) | 70.5 (36.6) | 63.2 (38.3) | 50.6 (27.0) |
 E-selectin | ||||
  N | 591 | 580 | 583 | 585 |
  E-selectin (ng/mL) | 18.4 (4.3) | 29.0 (2.5) | 38.0 (2.7) | 51.7 (7.4) |
  Age (years) | 40.3 (3.6) | 40.1 (3.5) | 40.1 (3.7) | 39.9 (3.8) |
  Race (% black) | 31.0 | 38.0 | 49.0 | 59.0 |
  Sex (% female) | 71.0 | 63.0 | 53.0 | 45.0 |
  Education (years) | 15.7 (2.4) | 15.2 (2.5) | 15.1 (2.5) | 14.5 (2.3) |
  BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 (5.6) | 27.2 (5.4) | 29.2 (6.3) | 30.6 (6.9) |
  Smoking (% current) | 11.0 | 17.1 | 20.5 | 27.2 |
  Alcohol (% light-moderate) | 42.7 | 42.0 | 41.8 | 38.5 |
  Alcohol (% heavy) | 11.4 | 10.4 | 10.6 | 14.8 |
  Physical activity | 357.1 (274.2) | 351.7 (272.0) | 348.5 (285.6) | 332.6 (258.7) |
  Carotenoid index | 78.1 (40.5) | 69.7 (40.1) | 60.5 (31.3) | 56.0 (31.8) |
 P-selectin | ||||
  N | 575 | 590 | 592 | 574 |
  P-selectin (ng/mL) | 24.5 (4.0) | 32.4 (1.7) | 38.8 (2.0) | 50.8 (10.7) |
  Age (years) | 40.3 (3.6) | 39.9 (3.6) | 40.1 (3.8) | 40.2 (3.6) |
  Race (% black) | 41.0 | 44.0 | 48.0 | 43.0 |
  Sex (% female) | 73.0 | 65.0 | 54.0 | 40.0 |
  Education (years) | 15.6 (2.5) | 15.0 (2.4) | 14.9 (2.4) | 14.0 (2.5) |
  BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 (5.7) | 27.9 (6.2) | 29.2 (6.5) | 29.0 (6.5) |
  Smoking (% current) | 11.8 | 17.3 | 18.3 | 28.5 |
  Alcohol (% light-moderate) | 40.8 | 41.8 | 39.6 | 43.0 |
  Alcohol (% heavy) | 11.6 | 10.3 | 12.0 | 13.4 |
  Physical activity | 354.3 (279.1) | 333.6 (262.6) | 356.7 (277.5) | 346.6 (272.6) |
| Â | 73.0 (38.6) | 66.7 (40.5) | 62.9 (33.2) | 62.1 (34.9) |
 VCAM | ||||
  N | 489 | 497 | 502 | 494 |
  VCAM (ng/mL) | 352.0 (48.1) | 457.0 (25.7) | 554.3 (30.4) | 741.1 (148.1) |
  Age (years) | 39.8 (3.7) | 40.0 (3.7) | 40.0 (3.6) | 40.7 (3.5) |
  Race (% black) | 67.0 | 49.0 | 39.0 | 22.0 |
  Sex (% female) | 61.0 | 59.0 | 57.0 | 56.0 |
  Education (years) | 14.7 (2.4) | 15.2 (2.5) | 15.2 (2.5) | 15.5 (2.5) |
  BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 (6.1) | 28.9 (6.5) | 28.2 (6.5) | 26.2 (5.5) |
  Smoking (% current) | 24.6 | 20.3 | 16.6 | 13.6 |
  Alcohol (% light-moderate) | 39.0 | 40.2 | 39.2 | 46.8 |
  Alcohol (% heavy) | 13.6 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 9.8 |
  Physical activity | 323.2 (257.7) | 345.7 (286.8) | 350.3 (269.3) | 371.2 (275.3) |
  Carotenoid index | 63.1 (33.5) | 64.4 (32.5) | 67.5 (40.2) | 70.2 (41.6) |