Table 2 Echocardiographic measurements of adolescents with type 1 diabetes versus all controls
From: Early changes in cardiovascular structure and function in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
|  | Type 1 diabetes n = 199 | All controls n = 178 | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|
M-mode | |||
 IVS thickness in diastole (cm) | 0.74 ± 0.12 | 0.73 ± 0.12 | 0.43 |
 LV end-diastolic dimension (cm) | 4.69 ± 0.39 | 4.66 ± 0.43 | 0.09 |
 LV end-systolic dimension (cm) | 2.90 ± 0.32 | 2.95 ± 0.33 | 0.0032 |
 LV posterior wall thickness in diastole (cm) | 0.66 ± 0.11 | 0.64 ± 0.11 | 0.72 |
 LV mass indexed (g/m2) | 63 ± 13 | 63 ± 13 | 0.32 |
 LV shortening fraction (%) | 38 ± 4 | 37 ± 4 | 0.012 |
 LV ejection fraction (%) | 68 ± 5 | 66 ± 5 | 0.008 |
 LV mean velocity of circumferential shortening (circ/sec) | 1.18 ± 0.18 | 1.14 ± 0.16 | 0.075 |
Pulse doppler | |||
 MV E wave velocity (cm/s) | 100 ± 15 | 99 ± 17 | 0.81 |
 MV A wave velocity (cm/s) | 41 ± 9 | 42 ± 11 | 0.58 |
 MV E/A ratio | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 0.75 |
 MV A wave duration (msec) | 122 ± 18 | 119 ± 20 | 0.36 |
 MV deceleration time (msec) | 154 ± 17 | 149 ± 20 | 0.075 |
 Isovolumic relaxation time (msec) | 76 ± 8 | 74 ± 7 | 0.038 |
 Pulmonary vein S wave velocity (cm/s) | 41 ± 10 | 43 ± 11 | 0.084 |
 Pulmonary vein D wave velocity (cm/s) | 61 ± 10 | 61 ± 12 | 0.89 |
 LV myocardial performance index | 0.30 ± 0.10 | 0.30 ± 0.09 | 0.82 |
 LV stroke volume (ml) | 70 ± 18 | 66 ± 17 | 0.72 |
 LV cardiac output (l/min) | 4.6 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.2 | 0.53 |
Tissue doppler | |||
 MV lateral e’ wave tissue velocity (cm/s) | 17.6 ± 2.6 | 18.6 ± 2.6 | 0.0003 |
 MV lateral a’ wave tissue velocity (cm/s) | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.9 ± 1.5 | 0.0003 |
 MV lateral s’ wave tissue velocity (cm/s) | 10.5 ± 1.8 | 11.1 ± 2.0 | 0.0005 |
 MV E/lateral e’ ratio | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 0.001 |
 MV septal e’ wave tissue velocity (cm/s) | 13.9 ± 1.8 | 15.1 ± 2.2 | 0.0003 |
 MV septal a’ wave tissue velocity (cm/s) | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 1.3 | 0.0008 |
 MV septal s’ wave tissue velocity (cm/s) | 8.3 ± 0.9 | 8.6 ± 0.9 | 0.001 |
 MV E/septal e’ ratio | 7.3 ± 1.2 | 6.7 ± 1.3 | 0.0003 |
Myocardial deformation | |||
 LV mid circumferential strain (%) | −20.4 ± 2.3 | −19.5 ± 1.7 | 0.0003 |
 LV global longitudinal strain (%) | −19.0 ± 1.9 | −19.8 ± 1.5 | 0.0003 |
 Basal rotation (degrees) | −4.2 ± 2.4 | −4.2 ± 2.0 | 0.89 |
 Apical rotation (degrees) | 6.2 ± 3.0 | 5.4 ± 2.5 | 0.009 |
 Torsion (degrees) | 10.4 ± 3.6 | 9.5 ± 3.0 | 0.026 |