Table 1 Clinical measurements of adolescents with type 1 diabetes versus all controls

Sex (male:female)

98:101

84:94

0.69

Age (years)

14.4 ± 1.6

14.4 ± 2.1

0.80

Height (cm)

163 ± 10

162 ± 11

0.25

Weight (kg)

60.7 ± 14.3

54.7 ± 13.8

<0.0001

BSA (m²)

1.65 ± 0.22

1.57 ± 0.23

0.0006

Insulin administration (%)

 Pump

60.8

–

 Multiple injections

30.2

–

Smoking status n (%)

 Never smoked

181 (92.8)

63 (100)

 Smoked few puffs to a whole cigarette in my life

9 (4.6)

0

 Only 2 to 3 cigarettes in my life

1 (0.5)

0

 More than 3, but fewer than 100 cigarettes in my life

1 (0.5)

0

 >100 cigarettes in my life, none in the past month

1 (0.5)

0

 >100 cigarettes in my life, some in the last month but not every day

1 (0.5)

0

 >100 cigarettes in my life, at least 1 cigarette every day during the last month

2 [1]

0

BMI (kg/m²)

22.6 ± 4.3

20.6 ± 3.7

<0.0001

SBP (mmHg)

113 ± 10

110 ± 9

0.0005

SBP z-score for height

0.2 ± 0.9

−0.1 ± 0.9

0.0011

DBP (mmHg)

62 ± 7

58 ± 7

<0.0001

DBP z-score for height

−0.3 ± 0.6

−0.6 ± 0.7

<0.0001

MBP (mmHg)

77 ± 7

75 ± 7

0.0053

PP (mmHg)

51 ± 9

52 ± 8

0.48

HR (bpm)

66 ± 9

68 ± 12

0.036

Diabetes duration (years)

7.2 ± 3.1

–

−

Glucose (mmol/l)

9.7 ± 4.4

4.7 ± 0.7

<0.0001

HbA1c (%)

0.085 ± 0.012

0.054 ± 0.002

<0.0001

HbA1c mmol/mol

84.9 ± 12.4

53.8 ± 2.4

<0.0001

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.3 ± 0.88

4.24 ± 0.83

0.5158

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.6 ± 0.36

1.46 ± 0.28

0.0004

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.3 ± 0.71

2.36 ± 0.74

0.6109

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.84 ± 0.37

0.93 ± 0.40

0.0945

Creatinine (mmol/L)

54 ± 9

56 ± 11

0.1149

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

113 ± 17

108 ± 17

0.0405