| |
Exposed to metformin
|
Exposed to sulfonylureas
|
Exposed to pioglitazone
|
Exposed to rosiglitzone
|
Exposed to acarbose
|
Exposed to meglitinide
|
Exposed to DPP4i
|
Exposed to insulin
|
|---|
|
n
|
172,813
|
101,166
|
6831
|
1018
|
22,800
|
13,103
|
28,508
|
9632
|
|
Age
|
57.3 ± 13.2
|
58.0 ± 13.2
|
56.3 ± 12.6
|
55.8 ± 13.5
|
58.4 ± 13.8
|
61.6 ± 14.5
|
56.6 ± 13.2
|
60.9 ± 15.3
|
|
Sex (male), %
|
51.86
|
54.20
|
52.82
|
59.30
|
51.98
|
53.92
|
54.07
|
56.34
|
|
CCI (1–33)
|
4.3 ± 3.0
|
4.2 ± 3.1
|
4.1 ± 2.9
|
4.3 ± 3.1
|
4.7 ± 3.2
|
5.1 ± 3.4
|
4.4 ± 3.0
|
4.9 ± 3.5
|
|
aDCSI (0–13)
|
1.7 ± 2.3
|
1.8 ± 2.5
|
1.7 ± 2.4
|
2.1 ± 2.9
|
2.2 ± 2.9
|
2.8 ± 3.5
|
2.1 ± 2.8
|
2.6 ± 3.4
|
|
Comorbidity history
| |
|
Hypertension (%)
|
63.67
|
63.14
|
62.88
|
60.11
|
65.82
|
68.67
|
63.89
|
66.01
|
|
Dyslipidemia (%)
|
55.70
|
52.66
|
56.68
|
53.13
|
53.90
|
58.13
|
56.94
|
59.06
|
|
CAD (%)
|
31.68
|
30.72
|
30.26
|
29.16
|
35.01
|
38.13
|
32.07
|
35.22
|
|
Heart failure (%)
|
8.48
|
8.89
|
7.23
|
7.51
|
10.54
|
14.85
|
9.46
|
14.70
|
|
Stroke (%)
|
17.74
|
17.51
|
14.33
|
18.34
|
19.57
|
25.06
|
17.38
|
25.13
|
|
Medication history
|
|
α-Blockers (%)
|
3.49
|
3.66
|
3.00
|
3.22
|
4.11
|
5.16
|
3.68
|
4.62
|
|
β-Blockers (%)
|
20.05
|
19.56
|
18.83
|
18.78
|
20.82
|
20.22
|
20.68
|
18.66
|
|
Diuretics (%)
|
16.57
|
16.96
|
15.59
|
13.15
|
17.72
|
19.99
|
14.67
|
19.36
|
|
CCB (%)
|
35.64
|
35.73
|
36.01
|
29.52
|
36.09
|
37.87
|
34.01
|
35.42
|
|
AECI/ARB (%)
|
32.60
|
31.48
|
34.48
|
35.06
|
36.20
|
35.29
|
38.46
|
32.82
|
|
Lipid lowering agent (%)
|
33.93
|
31.64
|
38.72
|
32.65
|
35.69
|
29.60
|
37.11
|
25.92
|
|
Anti-platelet (%)
|
24.53
|
23.84
|
23.35
|
23.43
|
28.05
|
30.75
|
26.56
|
28.98
|
|
NTG (%)
|
4.06
|
3.86
|
3.38
|
4.29
|
5.17
|
5.52
|
5.16
|
5.30
|
|
Anti-coagulants (%)
|
0.76
|
0.87
|
0.54
|
0.98
|
1.06
|
1.36
|
1.01
|
1.56
|
|
Digoxin (%)
|
1.82
|
2.00
|
1.52
|
2.42
|
2.33
|
3.59
|
2.05
|
3.60
|
-
DPP4i dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, aDCSI adapted diabetes complication severity index, CAD coronary artery diseases, CCB calcium channel blockers, ACEI/ARB angiotensin-II-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, NTG nitroglycerin
