Table 1 Subject characteristics and metabolic parameters

N

32

37

37

35

Duration of diabetes (years)

–

7.6 ± 1.1*

10.6 ± 1.1*^†

12.0 ± 1.5*^†,‡

Age

50.8 ± 1.2

56.2 ± 1.1*

57.2 ± 0.8*

55.9 ± 1.2*

SBP (mmHg)

100.4 ± 7.3

125.3 ± 4.2*

134.1 ± 3.1*

138.1 ± 2.5*

BMI (kg/m²)

22.7 ± 0.9

25.6 ± 0.5*

26.9 ± 0.5*

27.0 ± 0.8*

Hyperlipidemia (% Y)

0

62.16

72.97

74.28

Hypertension (%)

0

54.05

78.39

82.86

Smoking (% Y)

0

13.51

21.62

25.71

Alcoholism (% Y)

0

13.51

16.21

0

High protein diet (% Y)

0

21.62

24.32

14.28

FBG (mg/dL)

90.97 ± 1.48

142.24 ± 7.09*

157.11 ± 7.10*

153.51 ± 10.04*

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

93.50 ± 3.07

85.09 ± 3.35

79.89 ± 4.87*

47.65 ± 5.10*^,†

ACR (mg/g)

5.7 ± 0.4

12.8 ± 1.2*

100.5 ± 12.4*^,†

2229.6 ± 376*^,†,‡

HbA1c (%)

5.8 ± 0.1

7.8 ± 0.2*

8.3 ± 0.3*

8.5 ± 0.4*

hsCRP (mg/dL)

0.13 ± 0.01

0.29 ± 0.09*

0.22 ± 0.04*

0.67 ± 0.18*^,†,‡

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

118.5 ± 12.1

117.7 ± 14.2

146.5 ± 17.2*

197.6 ± 28.4*^,†,‡

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

119.1 ± 4.8

109.3 ± 5.9

113.6 ± 5.6

125.5 ± 8.4

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

54.9 ± 2.9

55.0 ± 2.3

53.2 ± 3.2*

44.7 ± 1.9*^,†,‡