Table 1 Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of study participants at baseline and after 3 year

Height (cm)

130.6 (128.8−131.9)

136.0 (133.8−138.6)

<0.001^b

150.8 ± 7.0

153.1 ± 5.3

0.004^a

Weight (kg)

28.5 (26.1−31.3)

31.9 (28.2−36.5)

<0.001^b

43.4 (36.6−51.2)

43.4 (40.8−49.3)

0.213^b

BMI (kg/m²)

16.9 (15.4−18.4)

17.5 (16.2−19.2)

0.047^b

19.2 (17.4−22.0)

19.6 (17.9−21.9)

0.298^b

WC (cm)

57.0 (53.8−61.0)

59.5 (56.0−64.0)

0.004^b

65.0 (59.6−74.5)

66.0 (61.7−72.9)

0.625^b

SBP (mmHg)

105.5 (98.0−110.0)

105.0 (100.0−112.0)

0.676^b

110.0 (110.0−120.0)

115.0 (110.0−120.0)

0.032^b

DBP (mmHg)

66.0 (60.0−70.0)

65.5 (60.0−72.0)

0.544^b

70.0 (65.0−80.0)

75.0 (70.0−80.0)

0.022^b

FPG (mmol/L)

4.6 (4.3−4.9)

4.7 (4.5−5.0)

0.376^b

4.1 ± 0.4

4.1 ± 0.3

0.584^a

Insulin (μIU/ml)

6.6 (5.0−8.0)

7.4 (5.7−9.1)

0.026^b

–

–

–

HOMA-IR

1.4 (1.0−1.7)

1.5 (1.1−2.0)

0.110^b

–

–

–

HOMA-β

110.3 (80.6−158.4)

115.3 (79.9−165.2)

0.893^b

–

–

–

TC (mmol/L)

4.3 (3.9−4.7)

4.3 (3.8−4.7)

0.527^b

3.9 (3.5−4.4)

4.0 (3.7−4.4)

0114^b

TG (mmol/L)

0.7 (0.5−1.0)

0.7 (0.5−1.0)

0.324^b

0.8 (0.6−1.1)

0.9 (0.8−1.2)

<0.001^b

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.5 (1.2−1.7)

1.5 (1.3−1.6)

0.942^b

1.4 (1.2−1.7)

1.4 (1.2−1.5)

0.133^b

AST (IU/L)

26.0 (23.0−30.0)

26.0 (22.0−29.0)

0.326^b

25.0 (23.0−29.)

21.0 (18.0−24.0)

<0.001^b

ALT (IU/L)

22.0 (20.0−25.0)

23.0 (21.0−26.0)

0.406^b

14.0 (12.0−18.0)

11.0 (10.0−13.0)

<0.001^b