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Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of 309 participants with longstanding type 1 diabetes

From: Cardiovascular disease guideline adherence and self-reported statin use in longstanding type 1 diabetes: results from the Canadian study of longevity in diabetes cohort

Characteristic

Total (n = 309)

Primary prevention (n = 204)

Secondary prevention (n = 105)

P value

Demographic

 Age (year)

65.7 ± 8.5

64.3 ± 8.3

68.5 ± 8.3

<0.001*

 Duration of diabetes (year)

54.0 [51.0, 59.0]

53.0 [50.0, 57.0]

57.0 [52.5, 60.5]

<0.001*

 Male [n (%)]

137 (44.5 %)

82 (40.4 %)

55 (52.4 %)

0.045*

 Non-caucasian [n (%)]

13 (4.2 %)

10 (5 %)

3 (2.9 %)

0.40

 Father’s age at death (year)

76.0 [66.0, 85.0]

76.0 [66.0,85.0]

76.5 [63.5, 84.3]

0.66

 Mother’s age at death (year)

85.0 [77.0, 90.0]

85.0 [76.0,90.0]

84.5 [78.3, 90.0]

0.91

 Parent with CVD [n (%)]

171 (56.4 %)

106 (53.3 %)

65 (62.5 %)

0.12

 Sibling with CVD [n (%)]

68 (23.7 %)

38 (20.4 %)

30 (29.7 %)

0.08

Clinical

 BMI (kg/m2)

25.0 [23.0, 28.2]

24.9 [23.0,27.5]

25.7 [22.8, 29.1]

0.33

 Systolic BP (mmHg)

128.8 ± 14.9

128.7 ± 14.6

129.0 ± 15.7

0.91

 Diastolic BP (mmHg)

67.4 ± 8.9

67.8 ± 8.8

66.5 ± 9.1

0.37

 History of hypertension [n (%)]

182 (60.3 %)

111 (56.1 %)

71 (68.3 %)

0.04*

Laboratory

 HbA1c (%)

7.5 ± 1.1 (58 mmol/mol)

7.4 ± 1.1 (57 mmol/mol)

7.7 ± 1.1 (61 mmol/mol)

0.04*

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.1 ± 0.9

4.24 ± 0.92

3.95 ± 0.86

0.02*

 Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.80 [0.60, 1.05]

0.77 [0.60, 1.00]

0.83 [0.66, 1.23]

0.04*

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.7 ± 0.5

1.79 ± 0.52

1.58 ± 0.49

0.002*

 LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.0 ± 0.7

2.06 ± 0.70

1.92 ± 0.65

0.10

Complications

 Diabetic retinopathy [n (%)]a

193 (71.5 %)

116 (64.4 %)

77 (85.6 %)

<0.001*

 Neuropathy (MNSI ≥3) [n(%)]

130 (42.3 %)

71 (34.8 %)

59 (57.3 %)

<0.001*

 Nephropathy [n (%)]b

110 (38.6 %)

59 (31.7 %)

51 (51.5 %)

0.001*

Medications

 ASA [n (%)]

177 (58.0 %)

95 (47.5 %)

82 (78.1 %)

<0.001*

 Statin [n (%)]

220 (72.1 %)

131 (65.5 %)

89 (84.8 %)

<0.001*

 Ezetimibe [n (%)]

23 (7.5 %)

10 (5 %)

13 (12.4 %)

0.02*

 Fibrate [n (%)]

1 (0.3 %)

1 (0.5 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.47

 RAS inhibitor [n (%)]c

218 (71.5 %)

141 (70.5 %)

77 (73.3 %)

0.60

  ARB [n (%)]

92 (30.2 %)

55 (27.5 %)

37 (35.2 %)

0.16

  ACEi [n (%)]

132 (43.3 %)

90 (45.0 %)

42 (40.0 %)

0.40

  1. Data presented as mean ± SD, median [IQR], or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Percentages were calculated from available data. P values for comparison were calculated using the student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, or the χ2-test depending on variable distribution
  2. MNSI Michigan neuropathy screening instrument, BP blood pressure; HbA1C glycated hemoglobin A1C, ASA acetylsalicylic acid, RAS renin-angiotensin system, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, ACEi angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor
  3. aRetinopathy as determined by most recent fundoscopy examination results
  4. bNephropathy defined by age-adjusted GFR <60 ml/min and/or ACR ≥2 mg/mmol
  5. cRASi includes usage of at least one of ARB and ACEi
  6. * Statistically significant p < 0.05
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840