Table 3 Characteristics of pooled Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase 1 (FDS1) and 2 (FDS2) participants with or without a diabetes-related lower extremity amputation at baseline. Data are proportions, mean ± SD, geometric mean (SD range), median [IQR] or mean difference (95 % CI)
| Â | No amputation | Amputation | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Number | 2775 | 30 | Â |
Age (years) | 64.8 ± 11.5 | 66.4 ± 10.5 | 0.45 |
Sex (% male) | 50.2 | 66.7 | 0.097 |
Ethnic background (%) | Â | Â | 0.020 |
 Anglo-Celt | 56.8 | 46.7 |  |
 Southern European | 15.1 | 16.7 |  |
 Other European | 7.9 | 10.0 |  |
 Asian | 3.9 | 0.0 |  |
 Mixed/other | 12.0 | 6.7 |  |
 Aboriginal | 4.3 | 20.0 |  |
Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 56.7 ± 12.0 | 50.5 ± 16.1 | 0.005 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 5.0 (1.75–13.0) | 12.0 (9.0–28.0) | <0.001 |
Education beyond primary level (%) | 80.8 | 78.6 | 0.81 |
Paid employment (%) | 24.9 | 7.1 | 0.027 |
Married/de facto relationship (%) | 64.2 | 50.0 | 0.13 |
Alcohol use (standard drinks/day) | 0.11 (0.0–0.75) | 0.0 (0.0–1.13) | 0.65 |
Smoking status (%) | Â | Â | 0.093 |
 Never | 45.2 | 26.7 |  |
 Ex | 41.9 | 63.3 |  |
 Current | 12.7 | 10.0 |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.5 ± 5.9 | 28.8 ± 5.3 | 0.14 |
Obese by waist circumference (%)a | 67.9 | 69.6 | 1.0 |
Overweight/obese by waist:hip ratio (%)b | 78.7 | 81.8 | 1.0 |
Fasting serum glucose (mmol/L) | 7.5 (6.2–9.6) | 7.6 (6.0–10.9) | 0.83 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.0 (6.2–8.1) | 7.1 (6.5–8.6) | 0.40 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 53 (44–65) | 54 (48–70) |  |
Diabetes treatment (%) | Â | Â | <0.001 |
 Diet | 28.2 | 10.0 |  |
 Oral agents | 54.8 | 33.3 |  |
 Insulin ± oral agents | 17.0 | 56.7 |  |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 148 ± 23 | 154 ± 33 | 0.33 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 ± 12 | 79 ± 13 | 0.61 |
On antihypertensive therapy (%) | 68 ± 19 | 75 ± 25 | 0.047 |
On renin-angiotensin blockers (%) | 16.9 | 23.3 | 0.33 |
Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.2 | 0.034 |
Serum HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.16 ± 0.34 | 1.11 ± 0.32 | 0.46 |
Serum triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.8 (1.0–3.2) | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | 0.74 |
Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio | 4.0 (1.1–14.7) | 23.3 (4.5–121.6) | <0.001 |
On lipid modifying treatment (%) | 41.1 | 46.7 | 0.58 |
Taking aspirin (%) | 29.7 | 40.0 | 0.23 |
eGFRÂ <60Â mL/min/1.73Â m2 (%) | 19.8 | 46.7 | 0.001 |
Any retinopathy (%) | 19.2 | 53.8 | <0.001 |
Peripheral sensory neuropathy (%) | 45.5 | 82.6 | <0.001 |
History of ischaemic heart disease (%) | 28.4 | 46.7 | 0.040 |
History of cerebrovascular disease (%) | 8.9 | 36.7 | <0.001 |
Peripheral arterial disease (%) | 24.9 | 100.0 | <0.001 |
Self-reported intermittent claudication (%) | 11.2 | 33.3 | 0.001 |
Arterial bypass/revascularisation (%) | 1.7 | 56.7 | <0.001 |
Past hospitalisation for/current foot ulcer (%) | 1.7 | 53.3 | <0.001 |