Table 1 Characteristics of the study subjects
Variables | NGT (n = 76) | Prediabetes (n = 208) | T2DM (n = 62) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 50.1 ± 10.9 | 57.9 ± 9.1 | 61.7 ± 11.5 | <0.001 |
Female sex | 38 (50.0) | 101 (48.6) | 37.1 (62.9) | 0.233 |
Current drinker | 30 (40.5) | 110 (53.9) | 27 (44.3) | 0.099 |
Current smoker | 11 (14.9) | 27 (13.2) | 8 (13.1) | 0.934 |
SBP (mmHg) | 117.7 ± 13.3 | 121.5 ± 14.3 | 127.9 ± 12.9 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 74.9 ± 10.8 | 77.0 ± 10.1 | 79.7 ± 10.5 | 0.036 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 ± 2.9 | 24.1 ± 3.1 | 25.6 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
Visceral fat area (cm2) | 104.1 ± 46.8 | 126.1 ± 59.4 | 176.7 ± 77.3 | <0.001 |
Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 132.6 ± 40.8 | 143.7 ± 55.9 | 161.9 ± 76.0 | 0.064 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 5.9 ± 0.2 | 6.8 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36.6 ± 2.1 | 41.0 ± 2.1 | 50.8 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
Glycated albumin (%) | 11.0 ± 1.3 | 11.6 ± 1.5 | 15.5 ± 5.7 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 90.0 ± 8.1 | 96.6 ± 9.4 | 115.4 ± 28.5 | <0.001 |
Postprandial glucose (mg/dL) | 100.5 ± 14.1 | 118.4 ± 31.4 | 27.1 ± 58.6 | <0.001 |
Fasting insulin (µIU/mL) | 5.46 ± 3.18 | 7.06 ± 4.14 | 8.62 ± 7.14 | 0.002 |
Postprandial insulin (µIU/mL) | 21.61 ± 16.55 | 35.13 ± 31.95 | 54.85 ± 53.23 | <0.001 |
Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL) | 1.69 ± 0.61 | 2.15 ± 0.75 | 2.36 ± 1.12 | <0.001 |
Postprandial C-peptide (ng/mL) | 5.29 ± 2.61 | 7.18 ± 3.54 | 7.81 ± 4.67 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.21 ± 0.73 | 1.70 ± 1.06 | 2.65 ± 2.40 | <0.001 |
TyG | 8.25 ± 0.57 | 8.50 ± 0.50 | 8.80 ± 0.63 | <0.001 |
Adipo-IR | 25.93 ± 20.59 | 30.89 ± 23.76 | 37.53 ± 37.47 | 0.284 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191.4 ± 36.8 | 191.5 ± 38.1 | 166.6 ± 45.3 | 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49.1 ± 11.8 | 49.9 ± 12.6 | 45.0 ± 11.7 | 0.018 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 114.9 ± 33.6 | 114.8 ± 33.6 | 96.8 ± 33.8 | 0.001 |
Fasting TG (mg/dL) | 103.0 ± 71.0 | 116.2 ± 59.8 | 133.2 ± 73.2 | 0.055 |
Postprandial TG (mg/dL) | 91.1 ± 71.7 | 107.6 ± 50.6 | 132.7 ± 84.4 | 0.138 |
Fasting FFA (µEq/L) | 690.4 ± 380.4 | 621.4 ± 238.6 | 704.3 ± 305.4 | 0.298 |
Postprandial FFA (µEq/L) | 171.5 ± 182.9 | 134.0 ± 104.1 | 191.8 ± 154.9 | 0.126 |
Lipoprotein(a) (mg/dL) | 22.1 ± 24.1 | 23.4 ± 25.4 | 29.7 ± 34.2 | 0.359 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.9 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
Antihypertensive medication user | 10 (13.3) | 42(20.5) | 23 (37.7) | 0.002 |
Statin user | 6(7.9) | 31(14.9) | 20 (32.3) | <0.001 |
Antidiabetic medication user | NA | NA | 25 (41.0) | Â |
Metformin user | NA | NA | 19 (31.1) | Â |
Sulfonylurea user | NA | NA | 9 (14.8) | Â |
DPP4 inhibitor user | NA | NA | 9 (13.1) | Â |
TZD user | NA | NA | 5 (8.2) | Â |
Insulin user | NA | NA | 5 (8.2) | Â |