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Table 1 Baseline characteristics between metformin monotherapy and control groups before and after matching

From: Effect of metformin monotherapy on cardiovascular diseases and mortality: a retrospective cohort study on Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Factor

Full cohort with complete case

Propensity score-matched cohort

Total (N = 11,293)

MM group (N = 7493)

Control group (N = 3800)

P value

Total (N = 6800)

MM group (N = 3400)

Control group (N = 3400)

P value

Socio-demographic (%, n)

 Age (mean ± SD, n), years

62.05 ± 10.83 (11,293)

61.70 ± 10.75 (7493)

62.75 ± 10.97 (3800)

<0.001*

62.57 ± 10.78 (6800)

62.64 ± 10.58 (3400)

62.51 ± 10.98 (3400)

0.621

 Gender

   

0.728

   

0.711

  Female

59.51 % (6721)

59.63 % (4468)

59.29 % (2253)

 

59.31 % (4033)

59.09 % (2009)

59.53 % (2024)

 

  Male

40.49 % (4572)

40.37 % (3025)

40.71 % (1547)

 

40.69 % (2767)

40.91 % (1391)

40.47 % (1376)

 

 Smoking status

   

<0.001*

   

0.878

  Non-smoker

92.69 % (10,468)

91.82 % (6880)

94.42 % (3588)

 

94.04 % (6395)

94.09 % (3199)

94.00 % (3196)

 

  Smoker

7.31 % (825)

8.18 % (613)

5.58 % (212)

 

5.96 % (405)

5.91 % (201)

6.00 % (204)

 

 Alcohol status

   

0.990

   

0.634

  Non-drinker

84.77 % (9573)

84.77 % (6352)

84.76 % (3221)

 

85.03 % (5782)

85.24 % (2898)

84.82 % (2884)

 

  Drinker

15.23 % (1720)

15.23 % (1141)

15.24 % (579)

 

14.97 % (1018)

14.76 % (502)

15.18 % (516)

 

 Educational level

   

0.235

   

0.672

  No formal education/primary

60.23 % (6802)

59.84 % (4484)

61.00 % (2318)

 

61.04 % (4151)

61.29 % (2084)

60.79 % (2067)

 

  Secondary/tertiary

39.77 % (4491)

40.16 % (3009)

39.00 % (1482)

 

38.96 % (2649)

38.71 % (1316)

39.21 % (1333)

 

Clinical parameters (Mean ± SD)

 HbA1c, %

6.83 ± 0.96 (11,293)

6.99 ± 1.05 (7493)

6.52 ± 0.64 (3800)

<0.001*

6.57 ± 0.64 (6800)

6.57 ± 0.67 (3400)

6.58 ± 0.62 (3400)

0.351

 SBP, mmHg

133.17 ± 16.91 (11,293)

132.92 ± 17.02 (7493)

133.67 ± 16.69 (3800)

0.026*

133.41 ± 16.77 (6800)

133.28 ± 16.92 (3400)

133.54 ± 16.62 (3400)

0.512

 DBP, mmHg

74.94 ± 10.04 (11,293)

74.98 ± 10.08 (7493)

74.84 ± 9.98 (3800)

0.479

74.75 ± 9.97 (6800)

74.68 ± 10.00 (3400)

74.83 ± 9.95 (3400)

0.530

 LDL-C, mmol/L

3.25 ± 0.84 (11,293)

3.18 ± 0.82 (7493)

3.40 ± 0.87 (3800)

<0.001*

3.34 ± 0.84 (6800)

3.32 ± 0.83 (3400)

3.35 ± 0.85 (3400)

0.106

 TC/HDL-C Ratio

4.36 ± 1.26 (11,293)

4.31 ± 1.13 (7493)

4.45 ± 1.46 (3800)

<0.001*

4.39 ± 1.16 (6800)

4.38 ± 1.13 (3400)

4.41 ± 1.18 (3400)

0.327

 Triglyceride, mmol/L

1.65 ± 0.89 (11,293)

1.68 ± 0.91 (7493)

1.59 ± 0.85 (3800)

<0.001*

1.60 ± 0.83 (6800)

1.60 ± 0.78 (3400)

1.60 ± 0.87 (3400)

0.914

 BMI, kg/m2

25.63 ± 3.91 (11,293)

25.69 ± 3.89 (7493)

25.51 ± 3.94 (3800)

0.018*

25.59 ± 3.85 (6800)

25.56 ± 3.72 (3400)

25.61 ± 3.98 (3400)

0.665

 Stage of CKD (%, n)

   

<0.001*

   

0.711

  Stage 1

35.74 % (4036)

37.89 % (2839)

31.50 % (1197)

 

32.85 % (2234)

32.62 % (1109)

33.09 % (1125)

 

  Stage 2

55.98 % (6322)

54.16 % (4058)

59.58 % (2264)

 

58.71 % (3992)

59.15 % (2011)

58.26 % (1981)

 

  Stage 3

8.28 % (935)

7.95 % (596)

8.92 % (339)

 

8.44 % (574)

8.24 % (280)

8.65 % (294)

 

Disease characteristics (%, n)

 Duration of DM

   

<0.001*

   

0.652

  <5 years

63.91 % (7217)

59.72 % (4475)

72.16 % (2742)

 

70.03 % (4762)

70.06 % (2382)

70.00 % (2380)

 

  5–10 years

23.84 % (2692)

26.37 % (1976)

18.84 % (716)

 

20.50 % (1394)

20.76 % (706)

20.24 % (688)

 

  >10 years

12.26 % (1384)

13.91 % (1042)

9.00 % (342)

 

9.47 % (644)

9.18 % (312)

9.76 % (332)

 

 Hypertension

   

<0.001*

   

0.669

  No

28.30 % (3196)

31.59 % (2367)

21.82 % (829)

 

23.81 % (1619)

24.03 % (817)

23.59 % (802)

 

  Yes

71.70 % (8097)

68.41 % (5126)

78.18 % (2971)

 

76.19 % (5181)

75.97 % (2583)

76.41 % (2598)

 

Treatment modalities (%, n)

 Use of anti-hypertensive drugs

   

<0.001*

   

0.956

  No

29.33 % (3312)

31.06 % (2327)

25.92 % (985)

 

26.41 % (1796)

26.38 % (897)

26.44 % (899)

 

  Yes

70.67 % (7981)

68.94 % (5166)

74.08 % (2815)

 

73.59 % (5004)

73.62 % (2503)

73.56 % (2501)

 

 Use of lipid-lowering agents

   

0.032*

   

0.699

  No

95.71 % (10809)

95.42 % (7150)

96.29 % (3659)

 

96.32 % (6550)

96.41 % (3278)

96.24 % (3272)

 

  Yes

4.29 % (484)

4.58 % (343)

3.71 % (141)

 

3.68 % (250)

3.59 % (122)

3.76 % (128)

 
  1. MM metformin monotherapy, HbA1c haemoglobin A1c, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, LDL-C low density lipoprotein—cholesterol, TC Total cholesterol, HDL-C high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, DM diabetes mellitus, CKD chronic kidney disease
  2. Stage 1 CKD (eGFR ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2); Stage 2 CKD (eGFR ≥60 & <90 ml/min/1.73 m2); Stage 3 CKD (eGFR ≥30 & <60 ml/min/1.73 m2)
  3. * Significant with p value < 0.05 by Chi-square test or t test as appropriate