Table 1 General characteristics of the participants
|  | Total (n = 97) | Men (n = 56) | Women (n = 41) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Anthropometric parameters | ||||
 Age | 57.6 ± 8.2 | 56.7 ± 7.6 | 58.9 ± 8.9 | 0.181 |
 Duration of DM (years) | 9.1 ± 6.0 | 9.4 ± 6.5 | 8.9 ± 5.4 | 0.875 |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 2.7 | 25.2 ± 2.2 | 24.3 ± 3.2 | 0.125 |
 WC (cm) | 86.5 ± 8.6 | 87.9 ± 8.0 | 84.5 ± 9.2 | 0.185 |
 Hypertension, n (%) | 39 (40.2 %) | 23 (41.8 %) | 16 (39 %) | 0.948 |
 Systolic BP (mmHg) | 122.8 ± 14.1 | 120.8 ± 10.0 | 125.5 ± 18.1 | 0.419 |
 Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74.9 ± 8.6 | 76.2 ± 8.6 | 73.2 ± 8.4 | 0.093 |
 Current smoking, n (%) | 19 (20.2 %) | 19 (34.6 %) | 0 | <0.001 |
 Alcohol intake, n (%) | 30 (31.9 %) | 27 (49.1 %) | 3 (7.7 %) | <0.001 |
Biochemical and metabolic parameters | ||||
 Omentin (ng/mL) | 530 ± 302 | 527 ± 354 | 534 ± 214 | 0.375 |
 HbA1C (mmol/mol) (%) | 55 (7.2) | 53 (7) | 57 (7.4) | 0.128 |
 FPG (mmol/L) | 7.4 ± 2.0 | 7.3 ± 1.8 | 7.5 ± 2.3 | 0.921 |
 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 0.015 |
 LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 0.061 |
 HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.021 |
 Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.8) | 0.042 |
 hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.07 (0.05–0.12) | 0.08 (0.05–0.12) | 0.07 (0.05–0.13) | 0.698 |
 Creatinine (μmol/L) | 97 ± 115 | 97 ± 18 | 97 ± 168 | 0.861 |
 Urinary albumin (mg/g) | 16.1 ± 27.4 | 16.3 ± 29.0 | 15.8 ± 25.6 | 0.351 |
 Insulin (fasting) (uIU/mL) | 9.2 ± 4.9 | 8.9 ± 4.5 | 9.7 ± 5.4 | 0.628 |
 C-peptide (fasting) (ng/mL) | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 0.668 |
 HOMA-IR | 2.97 ± 1.62 | 2.80 ± 1.41 | 3.23 ± 1.87 | 0.506 |
 ABI | 1.14 ± 0.11 | 1.12 ± 0.14 | 1.15 ± 0.05 | 0.280 |
 PWV (cm/s) | 1493 ± 240 | 1480 ± 211 | 1511 ± 276 | 0.697 |
 DPN, n (%) | 38 (42.2 %) | 17 (32.1 %) | 21 (56.8 %) | 0.034 |
 CAN, n (%) | 30 (36.6 %) | 20 (40.1 %) | 10 (30.3 %) | 0.462 |
 Diabetic nephropathy, n (%) | 12 (13.3 %) | 7 (13.5 %) | 5 (13.2 %) | 0.925 |
 Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 27 (30.0 %) | 14 (26.4 %) | 13 (35.1 %) | 0.513 |
Treatment modality | 0.135 | |||
 No medication, n (%) | 4 (4.1) | 4 (7.1 %) | 0 |  |
 OHA, n (%) | 85 (87.6) | 50 (89.3 %) | 35 (85.4 %) |  |
 OHA + insulin, n (%) | 5 (5.2) | 2 (3.6 %) | 3 (7.3 %) |  |
 Insulin only, n (%) | 3 (3.1) | 0 | 3 (7.3 %) |  |
 ACEI/ARB | 32 (33 %) | 20 (35.7 %) | 12 (29 %) | 0.654 |
 Beta-blocker | 1 (1.03 %) | 1 (1.8 %) | 0 | 0.691 |
 Statin | 60 (62 %) | 33 (58.9 %) | 27 (65.9 %) | 0.629 |