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Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics in patients with and without retinopathy

From: Altered myocardial response in patients with diabetic retinopathy: an exercise echocardiography study

Parameters

No retinopathy

Retinopathy

P

N = 91

N = 43

Demographic information

 Age (year)

59.7 ± 9.4

60.8 ± 9.1

0.52

 Male, n (%)

50 (55 %)

15 (35 %)

0.03

 Disease duration (years)

13.6 ± 7.4

17.9 ± 7.5

<0.01

 Hypertension, n (%)

65 (71 %)

36 (88 %)

0.04

 Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

45 (50 %)

25 (60 %)

0.31

 Smoking, n (%)

21 (24 %)

6 (15 %)

0.27

 Body mass index (kg m−2)

26.8 ± 5.3

26.2 ± 4.0

0.54

Blood biochemistry

 Triglyceride (mmol L−1)

4.1 ± 1.1

4.2 ± 1.0

0.59

 Total cholesterol (mmol L−1)

1.8 ± 1.4

1.7 ± 1.3

0.78

 High-density lipoprotein (mmol L−1)

1.3 ± 0.4

1.2 ± 0.4

0.31

 Low-density lipoprotein (mmol L−1)

2.4 ± 0.6

2.3 ± 0.7

0.57

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

88.7 ± 21.6

113.9 ± 202.1

0.25

 HbA1c (%)

7.5 ± 1.3

8.0 ± 1.4

0.06

Medication, n (%)

 Insulin

38 (44 %)

29 (69 %)

<0.01

 Diuretics

7 (8 %)

4 (10 %)

0.76

 ACEI/ARB

50 (56.8 %)

23 (54.8 %)

0.83

  1. ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate