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Table 2 Basic characteristics at baseline and 3 years

From: Long-term effects of the multidisciplinary risk assessment and management program for patients with diabetes mellitus (RAMP-DM): a population-based cohort study

 

At baseline

At the end of follow-up

RAMP (N = 9,094)

Control (N = 9,094)

P valuea

RAMP (N = 8,892)

Control (N = 8,542)

P valuea

Mean ± SD or N (%)

Mean ± SD or N (%)

Mean ± SD or N (%)

Mean ± SD or N (%)

Socio-demographic

 Age (year)

64.23 ± 11.05

64.29 ± 11.96

0.751

   

 Female

4,713 (51.8 %)

4,774 (52.5 %)

0.365

   

 On CSSA

1,293 (14.2 %)

1,340 (14.7 %)

0.322

   

Clinical measures

 Duration of DM (year)

8.31 ± 6.75

8.42 ± 6.15

0.258

   

 Current smoker

927 (10.2 %)

906 (10.0 %)

0.605

346 (9.0 %)

235 (8.6 %)

0.651

 BMI (kg/m2)

25.33 ± 3.74

25.33 ± 3.90

0.900

25.07 ± 3.79

25.11 ± 3.92

0.540

 SBP (mm Hg)

135.41 ± 17.05

135.45 ± 16.56

0.865

130.12 ± 14.68

132.35 ± 15.51

<0.001

 DBP (mm Hg)

75.11 ± 10.34

75.08 ± 9.77

0.828

71.60 ± 10.26

73.23 ± 9.72

<0.001

 HbA1c (%)

7.24 ± 1.23

7.24 ± 1.24

0.775

7.13 ± 1.09

7.25 ± 1.26

<0.001

 TC (mmol/L)

5.08 ± 0.94

5.08 ± 0.95

0.976

4.43 ± 0.82

4.49 ± 0.86

<0.001

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.22 ± 0.32

1.22 ± 0.32

0.504

1.28 ± 0.34

1.31 ± 0.35

<0.001

 LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.13 ± 0.82

3.14 ± 0.83

0.487

2.51 ± 0.69

2.55 ± 0.72

<0.001

 Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.64 ± 1.10

1.64 ± 1.05

0.923

1.43 ± 0.87

1.43 ± 0.97

0.874

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

81.68 ± 20.81

81.68 ± 19.43

0.983

80.88 ± 22.92

81.02 ± 22.51

0.725

 Charlson comorbidity scoreb

0.04 ± 0.26

0.04 ± 0.26

0.651

0.07 ± 0.35

0.08 ± 0.38

0.069

Percentage reaching treatment target

 SBP <130 mmHg

37.61 %

36.83 %

0.276

50.31 %

45.45 %

<0.001

 DBP <80 mmHg

66.49 %

67.39 %

0.202

78.39 %

74.45 %

<0.001

 HbA1c <7 %

48.37 %

47.36 %

0.172

52.10 %

48.81 %

<0.001

 LDL-C <2.6 mmol/L

26.57 %

27.38 %

0.218

59.18 %

58.46 %

0.384

Treatment modality

 On glucose-lowering drugs

7,943 (87.3 %)

7,929 (87.2 %)

0.755

7,999 (90.0 %)

7,143 (83.6 %)

<0.001

 On anti-hypertensive drugs

6,637 (73.0 %)

6,673 (73.4 %)

0.547

7,112 (80.0 %)

6,493 (76.0 %)

<0.001

 On lipid-lowering drugs

1,189 (13.1 %)

1,225 (13.5 %)

0.431

4,551 (51.2 %)

3,903 (45.7 %)

<0.001

 On insulin

105 (1.2 %)

130 (1.4 %)

0.101

534 (6.0 %)

386 (4.5 %)

<0.001

  1. BMI body mass index, CSSA comprehensive social security assistance, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DM dibetes mellitus, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL-C high density lipid cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipid cholesterol, SBP systolic blood pressure and TC total cholesterol.
  2. aSignificant differences (P < 0.05) between groups by independent t test or by Chi-square test, as appropriate.
  3. bAdd up the comorbidity component score in Charlson comorbidity index.