| At baseline | At the end of follow-up | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RAMP (NÂ =Â 9,094) | Control (NÂ =Â 9,094) | P valuea | RAMP (NÂ =Â 8,892) | Control (NÂ =Â 8,542) | P valuea | |
Mean ± SD or N (%) | Mean ± SD or N (%) | Mean ± SD or N (%) | Mean ± SD or N (%) | |||
Socio-demographic | ||||||
 Age (year) | 64.23 ± 11.05 | 64.29 ± 11.96 | 0.751 |  |  |  |
 Female | 4,713 (51.8 %) | 4,774 (52.5 %) | 0.365 |  |  |  |
 On CSSA | 1,293 (14.2 %) | 1,340 (14.7 %) | 0.322 |  |  |  |
Clinical measures | ||||||
 Duration of DM (year) | 8.31 ± 6.75 | 8.42 ± 6.15 | 0.258 |  |  |  |
 Current smoker | 927 (10.2 %) | 906 (10.0 %) | 0.605 | 346 (9.0 %) | 235 (8.6 %) | 0.651 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 25.33 ± 3.74 | 25.33 ± 3.90 | 0.900 | 25.07 ± 3.79 | 25.11 ± 3.92 | 0.540 |
 SBP (mm Hg) | 135.41 ± 17.05 | 135.45 ± 16.56 | 0.865 | 130.12 ± 14.68 | 132.35 ± 15.51 | <0.001 |
 DBP (mm Hg) | 75.11 ± 10.34 | 75.08 ± 9.77 | 0.828 | 71.60 ± 10.26 | 73.23 ± 9.72 | <0.001 |
 HbA1c (%) | 7.24 ± 1.23 | 7.24 ± 1.24 | 0.775 | 7.13 ± 1.09 | 7.25 ± 1.26 | <0.001 |
 TC (mmol/L) | 5.08 ± 0.94 | 5.08 ± 0.95 | 0.976 | 4.43 ± 0.82 | 4.49 ± 0.86 | <0.001 |
 HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.22 ± 0.32 | 1.22 ± 0.32 | 0.504 | 1.28 ± 0.34 | 1.31 ± 0.35 | <0.001 |
 LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.13 ± 0.82 | 3.14 ± 0.83 | 0.487 | 2.51 ± 0.69 | 2.55 ± 0.72 | <0.001 |
 Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.64 ± 1.10 | 1.64 ± 1.05 | 0.923 | 1.43 ± 0.87 | 1.43 ± 0.97 | 0.874 |
 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 81.68 ± 20.81 | 81.68 ± 19.43 | 0.983 | 80.88 ± 22.92 | 81.02 ± 22.51 | 0.725 |
 Charlson comorbidity scoreb | 0.04 ± 0.26 | 0.04 ± 0.26 | 0.651 | 0.07 ± 0.35 | 0.08 ± 0.38 | 0.069 |
Percentage reaching treatment target | ||||||
 SBP <130 mmHg | 37.61 % | 36.83 % | 0.276 | 50.31 % | 45.45 % | <0.001 |
 DBP <80 mmHg | 66.49 % | 67.39 % | 0.202 | 78.39 % | 74.45 % | <0.001 |
 HbA1c <7 % | 48.37 % | 47.36 % | 0.172 | 52.10 % | 48.81 % | <0.001 |
 LDL-C <2.6 mmol/L | 26.57 % | 27.38 % | 0.218 | 59.18 % | 58.46 % | 0.384 |
Treatment modality | ||||||
 On glucose-lowering drugs | 7,943 (87.3 %) | 7,929 (87.2 %) | 0.755 | 7,999 (90.0 %) | 7,143 (83.6 %) | <0.001 |
 On anti-hypertensive drugs | 6,637 (73.0 %) | 6,673 (73.4 %) | 0.547 | 7,112 (80.0 %) | 6,493 (76.0 %) | <0.001 |
 On lipid-lowering drugs | 1,189 (13.1 %) | 1,225 (13.5 %) | 0.431 | 4,551 (51.2 %) | 3,903 (45.7 %) | <0.001 |
 On insulin | 105 (1.2 %) | 130 (1.4 %) | 0.101 | 534 (6.0 %) | 386 (4.5 %) | <0.001 |