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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of subjects, 2007–2008

From: Association of hemoglobin A1c and glycated albumin with carotid atherosclerosis in community-dwelling Japanese subjects: the Hisayama Study

 

Total

Glucose tolerance status

 

Normal

Glucose intolerance

P value

n = 2702

n = 1603

n = 1099

 

Age (years)

60 (10)

58 (11)

63 (9)

<0.001

Men (%)

44.3

37.5

54.3

<0.001

Maximum IMT (mm)

0.97 (0.96 to 0.98)

0.94 (0.93 to 0.95)

1.01 (1.00 to 1.02)

<0.001

Hemoglobin A1c (%)

5.5 (0.7)

5.2 (0.4)

5.9 (0.9)

<0.001

       (mmol/mol)

37 (8)

33 (4)

41 (10)

<0.001

Glycated albumin (%)

15.2 (2.8)

14.4 (1.3)

16.4 (3.7)

<0.001

1,5-anhydroglucitol (μg/mL)

20.2 (8.3)

22.2 (7.4)

17.3 (8.7)

<0.001

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

5.8 (1.2)

5.3 (0.4)

6.5 (1.5)

<0.001

2-hour postload glucose (mmol/L)

8.0 (3.7)

6.0 (1.1)

10.8 (4.3)

<0.001

Fasting insulin (pmol/L)

39.3 (38.5 to 40.2)

34.6 (33.7 to 35.5)

47.3 (45.7 to 49.0)

<0.001

HOMA-IR

1.39 (1.36 to 1.42)

1.13 (1.10 to 1.16)

1.87 (1.80 to 1.94)

<0.001

Insulin resistance (%)

24.9

12.9

42.5

<0.001

Diabetes (%)

15.4

0

37.9

0.93

Antidiabetic medication (%)

6.4

0

15.7

0.93

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

131 (19)

126 (18)

138 (18)

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

80 (11)

77 (11)

83 (10)

<0.001

Hypertension (%)

45.6

33.0

64.0

<0.001

Antihypertensive medication (%)

28.5

19.0

42.4

<0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

23.2 (3.4)

22.5 (3.1)

24.3 (3.5)

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.45 (0.93)

5.44 (0.94)

5.47 (0.93)

0.42

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.24 (0.80)

3.21 (0.80)

3.29 (0.81)

0.02

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.73 (0.46)

1.81 (0.47)

1.62 (0.43)

<0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.21 (1.18 to 1.23)

1.08 (1.06 to 1.11)

1.41 (1.36 to 1.46)

<0.001

Hyper-LDL cholesterolemia (%)

42.5

37.1

50.3

<0.001

Lipid-lowering medication (%)

14.3

9.5

21.3

<0.001

Current drinking (%)

51.9

51.2

52.9

0.38

Current smoking (%)

21.2

21.5

20.8

0.67

Regular exercise (%)

12.4

12.0

12.9

0.46

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

76.3 (10.9)

77.4 (10.4)

74.7 (11.5)

<0.001

Proteinuria (%)

5.0

2.9

8.2

<0.001

Chronic kidney disease (%)

10.8

7.8

15.1

<0.001

History of CVD (%)

4.4

2.8

6.6

<0.001

  1. Maximum IMT, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and triglycerides values are shown by geometric means and 95 % confidence intervals due to the skewed distribution
  2. All other values are given as the mean (SDs) or as a percentage
  3. Insulin resistance was defined as HOMA-IR ≥2.07 (the highest quartile of HOMA-IR in total study population)
  4. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L, 2-hour postload glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L, or the use of antidiabetic medications
  5. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive agents
  6. Hyper-LDL cholesterolemia was defined as LDL cholesterol ≥3.62 mmol/L or the use of lipid-lowering medications
  7. Proteinuria was defined as 1+ or more
  8. Chronic kidney disease was defined as either an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or the presence of proteinuria
  9. Regular exercise was defined as engaging in sports at least three times per week during leisure time
  10. IMT intima-media thickness, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, BMI body mass index, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HDL high-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CVD cardiovascular disease
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840