Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study subjects

n

155

201

120

Age (years)

50.1 ± 10.6

42.0 ± 6.8**

55.0 ± 4.4**^,****

BMI (kg/m²)

22.0 ± 1.8

21.5 ± 1.7*

21.7 ± 1.8

W (cm)

78.0 (74.0–84.0)

72.0 (69.5–77.0)**

75.0 (71.0–80.0)**^,****

SBP (mmHg)

119.3 (110.0–121.3)

110.7 (103.3–120.0)**

112.7 (107.7–120.0)*

DBP (mmHg)

74.7 (70.0–79.3)

72.0 (66.7–79.2)*

71.7 (69.3–78.7)*

FPG (mmol/L)

5.1 ± 0.4

5.1 ± 0.4

5.1 ± 0.4

2hPG (mmol/L)

5.5 ± 1.1

5.7 ± 1.0

6.0 ± 1.0**^,****

HbA1c (%)

5.4 (5.2–5.6)

5.4 (5.1–5.6)

5.5 (5.3–5.8)**^,****

FINS (mU/L)

5.5 (3.8–7.5)

6.4 (4.9–8.8)**

6.1 (4.5–7.6)

HOMA-IR

1.2 (0.8–1.7)

1.4 (1.1–2.0)**

1.4 (1.0–1.7)

TC (mmol/L)

4.34 ± 0.48

4.28 ± 0.54

4.54 ± 0.43**^,****

TG (mmol/L)

0.88 (0.69–1.17)

0.79 (0.61–1.00)**

0.87 (0.65–1.16)***

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.40 (1.25–1.61)

1.53 (1.37–1.78)**

1.62 (1.45–1.79)**

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.65 ± 0.48

2.50 ± 0.46**

2.61 ± 0.44***

CRP (mg/L)

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

0.3 (0.2–0.7)**

0.5 (0.2–0.8)****

Smoking, n (%)

76 (49.0)

6 (3.0)**

1 (0.8)**

CVD family history, n (%)

45 (29.0)

52 (25.9)

47 (39.2)***