Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels are independently associated with macroalbuminuria, but not with retinopathy and macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB prospective complications study

Table 3 Associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ levels and prevalent albuminuria, retinopathy and CVD

		25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ per 10 nmol/L
	Model	OR	95 % CI	p
Microalbuminuria (n = 83)	1	0.93	0.84; 1.03	0.17
	2	0.93	0.83; 1.05	0.26
	3	0.94	0.83; 1.06	0.30
	4	0.94	0.83; 1.06	0.30
Macroalbuminuria (n = 124)	1	0.80	0.72; 0.88	<0.001
	2	0.82	0.72; 0.94	0.003
	3	0.82	0.72; 0.94	0.005
	4	0.82	0.72; 0.94	0.005
Non-proliferative retinopathy (n = 146)	1	0.90	0.82; 0.99	0.022
	2	0.98	0.87; 1.09	0.66
Proliferative retinopathy (n = 152)	1	0.90	0.83; 0.98	0.018
	2	1.01	0.90; 1.13	0.87
CVD (n = 131)	1	0.99	0.91; 1.08	0.84
	2	1.02	0.93; 1.12	0.66

OR, odds ratio indicates the odds of prevalent albuminuria, retinopathy and CVD per 10 nmol/L higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex and season; Model 2: model 1 + BMI, smoking (never, ex, current), HbA_1c, total-HDL-cholesterol-ratio, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, eGFR, physical activity (0, ≤sex-specific median, >sex-specific median), alcohol intake (0, ≤70 g/wk, >70 g/wk), and prevalent albuminuria, retinopathy and CVD, as appropriate; Model 3: model 2 + low-grade inflammation score; Model 4: model 2 + endothelial dysfunction score

ISSN: 1475-2840