Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels are independently associated with macroalbuminuria, but not with retinopathy and macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB prospective complications study

Table 2 Associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D₂ levels and prevalent albuminuria, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease

		25-hydroxyvitamin D₂ per 1 nmol/L
	Model	OR	95 % CI	p
Microalbuminuria (n = 83)	1	0.94	0.81; 1.09	0.42
	2	0.85	0.70; 1.04	0.11
	3	0.86	0.71; 1.05	0.14
	4	0.85	0.70; 1.03	0.09
Macroalbuminuria (n = 124)	1	0.45	0.35; 0.60	<0.001
	2	0.56	0.43; 0.74	<0.001
	3	0.57	0.43; 0.75	<0.001
	4	0.56	0.42; 0.74	<0.001
Non-proliferative retinopathy (n = 146)	1	0.91	0.80; 1.03	0.15
	2	1.00	0.85; 1.16	0.95
Proliferative retinopathy (n = 152)	1	0.88	0.77; 1.00	0.06
	2	1.08	0.93; 1.25	0.33
CVD (n = 131)	1	1.02	0.92; 1.14	0.70
	2	1.03	0.90; 1.16	0.70

OR, odds ratio indicates the odds of prevalent albuminuria, retinopathy and CVD, per 1 nmol/L higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D₂. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex; Model 2: model 1 + BMI, smoking (never, ex, current), HbA_1c, total-HDL-cholesterol-ratio, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, eGFR, physical activity (0, ≤sex-specific median, >sex-specific median), alcohol intake (0, ≤70 g/wk, >70 g/wk), and prevalent CVD, albuminuria and retinopathy, as appropriate; Model 3: model 2 + low-grade inflammation score; Model 4: model 2 + endothelial dysfunction score

ISSN: 1475-2840