Table 1 Demographic and laboratory characteristics of patients

Demographics

Age (years)

46 ± 15

50 ± 15

45 ± 16

0.135

Male Sex, n (%)

69 (45)

11 (37)

58 (47)

0.414

BMI (kg/m²)

22.6 ± 3.3

23.2 ± 3.5

22.4 ± 3.3

0.256

Obesity, n (%)

30 (19)

8 (27)

22 (18)

0.306

Duration of diabetes (years)

10.0 (3.0–15.0)

12.0 (10.0–18.0)

8.0 (3.0–15.0)

0.004

Retinopathy, n (%)

78 (51)

21 (70)

57 (46)

0.018

Hypertension, n (%)

31 (20)

9 (30)

22 (18)

0.202

ARB or ACEI use, n (%)

49 (32)

11 (37)

38 (31)

0.663

Statin use, n (%)

54 (35)

15 (50)

39 (31)

0.056

mean GA (%)

24.4 (21.5–29.0)

29.3 (22.8–34.7)

24.0 (21.0–27.5)

0.004

mean HbA_1c (%)

8.7 ± 1.6

9.0 ± 1.4

8.7 ± 1.7

0.088

Baseline ACR (μg/mg)

17.8 (7.2–71.1)

47.3 (11.5–136.1)

14.6 (6.0–41.2)

0.004

Follow-up ACR (μg/mg)

13.8 (7.5–77.9)

134.7 (51.7–766.2)

10.6 (6.8–29.2)

<0.001

Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

97.1 ± 22.5

91.7 ± 20.3

98.4 ± 22.9

0.079

Follow-up eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

95.1 ± 26.0

73.9 ± 28.7

100.4 ± 22.4

<0.001

 Stage 1

98 (64)

17 (57)

81 (65)

0.565

 Stage 2

48 (31)

12 (40)

36 (29)

 Stage 3 and 4

8 (5)

1 (3)

7 (6)

Albumin (g/dL)

4.2 ± 0.4

4.1 ± 0.5

4.3 ± 0.4

0.106

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

162.0 (145.0–194.0)

171.5 (149.0–195.8)

162.0 (144.0–193.5)

0.423

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

79.0 (60.0–113.5)

90.5 (71.8–118.5)

77.0 (57.0–114.0)

0.109

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

57.0 ± 15.9

55.0 ± 13.7

57.5 ± 16.4

0.669

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

95.5 ± 34.9

97.6 ± 31.3

95.0 ± 35.8

0.495