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Table 4 HRs of death associated with potential risk factors, overall and stratified by eGFR category

From: Cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in a cohort of 57,946 patients with type 2 diabetes: associations with renal function and cardiovascular risk factors

 

Non-death

Death

 

eGFR category

 

n = 41,368

n = 16,578

Overall

15–29 mL/min

30–44 mL/min

45–59 mL/min

≥60 mL/min

 

Number (%)

Number (%)

HR a (95% CI)

HR b (95% CI)

HR b (95% CI)

HR b (95% CI)

HR b (95% CI)

Sex

  Men

22,752 (55.0)

9365 (56.5)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

  Women

18,616 (45.0)

7213 (43.5)

0.80 (0.77–0.82)

1.03 (0.87–1.21)

0.77 (0.71–0.84)

0.79 (0.75–0.84)

0.78 (0.74–0.82)

Age at start date (years)

  20–49

5428 (13.1)

295 (1.8)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

  50–74

29,403 (71.1)

8669 (52.3)

3.90 (3.47–4.39)

0.60 (0.25–1.48)

2.62 (1.24–5.54)

2.43 (1.62–3.63)

3.75 (3.30–4.25)

  ≥75

6537 (15.8)

7614 (45.9)

11.24 (9.97–12.67)

0.97 (0.40–2.40)

5.12 (2.43–10.80)

6.40 (4.27–9.58)

13.01 (11.42–14.83)

Duration of diabetes (years)

  <5

20,135 (48.7)

5914 (35.7)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

  5–9

12,134 (26.3)

4989 (30.1)

1.16 (1.12–1.21)

1.07 (0.87–1.32)

1.14 (1.03–1.27)

1.14 (1.06–1.22)

1.17 (1.11–1.23)

  10–14

5497 (13.3)

3006 (18.1)

1.32 (1.26–1.38)

1.12 (0.88–1.42)

1.26 (1.12–1.41)

1.26 (1.16–1.37)

1.35 (1.27–1.44)

  ≥15

3602 (8.7)

2669 (16.1)

1.50 (1.43–1.57)

1.30 (1.04–1.62)

1.38 (1.22–1.55)

1.46 (1.34–1.60)

1.53 (1.43–1.64)

BMI (kg/m2)

  15–19

477 (1.2)

438 (2.6)

1.51 (1.36–1.66)

1.12 (0.63–2.00)

1.30 (0.98–1.73)

1.53 (1.27–1.84)

1.56 (1.37–1.79)

  20–24

6127 (14.8)

3419 (20.6)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

  25–29

15,249 (36.9)

5762 (34.8)

0.78 (0.75–0.82)

0.72 (0.57–0.90)

0.82 (0.73–0.92)

0.79 (0.73–0.86)

0.78 (0.73–0.83)

  ≥30

17,577 (42.5)

5382 (32.5)

0.82 (0.78–0.85)

0.64 (0.51–0.81)

0.80 (0.71–0.90)

0.85 (0.78–0.92)

0.82 (0.77–0.87)

  Unknown

1938 (4.7)

1577 (9.5)

1.43 (1.34–1.52)

1.17 (0.88–1.55)

1.32 (1.13–1.54)

1.54 (1.37–1.72)

1.42 (1.30–1.56)

Smoking status

  Non–smoker

21,930 (53.0)

8245 (49.7)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

  Current

6819 (16.5)

3309 (20.0)

1.50 (1.44–1.57)

1.09 (0.84–1.40)

1.33 (1.18–1.50)

1.60 (1.48–1.74)

1.54 (1.46–1.63)

  Former

10,815 (26.1)

4196 (25.3)

1.07 (1.03–1.12)

1.04 (0.86–1.25)

1.00 (0.91–1.11)

1.09 (1.02–1.17)

1.08 (1.03–1.14)

  Unknown

1804 (4.4)

828 (5.0)

0.95 (0.88–1.02)

1.06 (0.78–1.45)

0.88 (0.73–1.06)

1.00 (0.86–1.15)

0.91 (0.82–1.01)

Number of medications

  0–1

11,963 (28.9)

3044 (18.4)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

  2–4

15,169 (36.7)

5289 (31.9)

1.21 (1.15–1.26)

0.90 (0.67–1.20)

1.07 (0.94–1.23)

1.19 (1.09–1.30)

1.22 (1.16–1.30)

  5–9

12,235 (29.6)

6445 (38.9)

1.45 (1.39–1.52)

1.02 (0.79–1.32)

1.15 (1.01–1.31)

1.39 (1.27–1.51)

1.53 (1.44–1.63)

  ≥10

2001 (4.8)

1800 (10.9)

2.03 (1.91–2.16)

1.03 (0.76–1.39)

1.67 (1.43–1.96)

2.01 (1.79–2.26)

2.18 (1.99–2.38)

HbA1c (%)

  <7.00

14,151 (34.2)

5231 (31.6)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

1 (−)

  7.00–7.99

9363 (22.6)

3460 (20.9)

1.01 (0.97–1.05)

1.29 (1.03–1.61)

1.04 (0.92–1.16)

0.98 (0.91–1.06)

1.01 (0.95–1.07)

  8.00–8.99

5333 (12.9)

1888 (11.4)

0.97 (0.92–1.02)

1.02 (0.77–1.36)

1.12 (0.97–1.29)

0.96 (0.87–1.07)

0.95 (0.88–1.02)

  9.00–9.99

3319 (8.0)

1315 (7.9)

1.14 (1.07–1.21)

1.40 (1.01–1.92)

1.24 (1.05–1.46)

1.18 (1.04–1.32)

1.11 (1.02–1.20)

  ≥10.00

3363 (8.1)

1435 (8.7)

1.35 (1.27–1.43)

1.23 (0.92–1.65)

1.46 (1.23–1.73)

1.43 (1.27–1.60)

1.31 (1.21–1.42)

  Missing

5839 (14.1)

3249 (19.6)

1.24 (1.19–1.30)

1.35 (1.09–1.67)

1.38 (1.23–1.54)

1.19 (1.09–1.30)

1.23 (1.16–1.31)

Comorbiditiesc

  Hypertension

23,223 (56.1)

9529 (57.5)

0.87 (0.84–0.90)

0.68 (0.58–0.81)

0.76 (0.70–0.83)

0.85 (0.80–0.90)

0.91 (0.87–0.95)

  Hyperlipidemia

1343 (3.2)

2655 (16.0)

2.04 (1.95–2.13)

1.68 (1.42–1.98)

1.76 (1.59–1.93)

2.13 (1.97–2.31)

2.33 (2.16–2.51)

  History of MI

3033 (7.3)

2548 (15.4)

1.14 (1.09–1.19)

1.14 (0.94–1.39)

1.14 (1.02–1.27)

1.09 (1.00–1.19)

1.20 (1.12–1.28)

  History of IS/TIA

2776 (6.7)

2899 (17.5)

1.51 (1.45–1.57)

1.12 (0.93–1.36)

1.39 (1.26–1.54)

1.46 (1.36–1.57)

1.67 (1.57–1.77)

  History of IHDd

6146 (14.9)

4052 (24.4)

1.02 (0.98–1.06)

1.10 (0.93–1.30)

0.92 (0.84–1.02)

1.01 (0.94–1.08)

1.03 (0.97–1.09)

  COPD

1075 (2.6)

1576 (9.5)

1.77 (1.68–1.87)

1.55 (1.20–2.01)

1.32 (1.14–1.54)

1.65 (1.49–1.83)

1.95 (1.81–2.10)

  Thyroid disease

3418 (8.3)

1514 (9.1)

0.92 (0.87–0.97)

0.97 (0.77–1.21)

0.89 (0.79–1.01)

0.98 (0.90–1.08)

0.90 (0.83–0.98)

  DVT

2138 (5.2)

1291 (7.8)

1.12 (1.06–1.19)

0.97 (0.76–1.23)

1.10 (0.96–1.27)

1.04 (0.94–1.15)

1.17 (1.08–1.27)

  PAD

1742 (4.2)

1953 (11.8)

1.35 (1.28–1.42)

1.01 (0.82–1.24)

1.19 (1.06–1.33)

1.41 (1.29–1.55)

1.44 (1.34–1.55)

  Anemia

2097 (5.1)

1464 (8.8)

1.24 (1.17–1.31)

1.05 (0.86–1.28)

1.26 (1.12–1.41)

1.23 (1.11–1.36)

1.29 (1.18–1.40)

  Atrial fibrillation

2483 (6.0)

1011 (6.1)

1.01 (0.95–1.07)

1.04 (0.76–1.41)

0.98 (0.83–1.16)

1.05 (0.93–1.18)

1.00 (0.91–1.09)

  Heart failure

2850 (6.9)

1161 (7.0)

1.02 (0.96–1.08)

1.07 (0.79–1.44)

1.03 (0.88–1.20)

1.04 (0.93–1.17)

0.99 (0.91–1.08)

  Gout

2370 (5.7)

1229 (7.4)

0.98 (0.92–1.04)

0.95 (0.76–1.19)

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

0.99 (0.88–1.10)

1.00 (0.92–1.10)

  Cancer

2948 (7.1)

2347 (14.2)

1.49 (1.42–1.55)

1.50 (1.20–1.88)

1.19 (1.07–1.34)

1.34 (1.23–1.45)

1.67 (1.57–1.78)

  1. aAdjusted for sex, age at start date, duration of diabetes, BMI, smoking status, number of medications, HbA1c level, presence of hypertension hyperlidemia, and history of MI, IS/TIA, IHD. and eGFR category. bAdjusted for sex, age at start date, duration of diabetes, BMI, smoking status, number of medications, HbA1c level, presence of hypertension hyperlidemia, and history of MI, IS/TIA and IHD. cRelative to absence of comorbidity. dExcluding MI.
  2. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HR, hazard ratio; IHD, ischemic heart disease; IS, ischemic stroke; MI, myocardial infarction; PAD, peripheral artery disease; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

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