Isocaloric substitution of carbohydrates with protein: the association with weight change and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 4 Hazard ratio [95% CI] of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality for intakes of protein

Energy adjustment models	HR
	All-cause mortality		CVD mortality
Nutrient residual model	Model 1*	Model 2 ^†	Model 1*	Model 2 ^†
Total Protein (10 g)	0.96 [0.92;1.01]	0.99 [0.94;1.03]	0.95 [0.88;1.03]	1.00 [0.92;1.08]
Animal Protein (10 g)	0.99 [0.95;1.04]	1.00 [0.95;1.04]	0.99 [0.92;1.07]	1.00 [0.93;1.09]
Plant Protein (10 g)	0.71 [0.61;0.82]	0.79 [0.64;0.97]	0.69 [0.54;0.90]	1.03 [0.72;1.47]
Multivariate nutrient density model
Total Protein (5 en%)	0.94 [0.84;1.06]	1.00 [0.88;1.12]	0.91 [0.74;1.11]	1.00 [0.82;1.23]
Animal Protein (5 en%)	1.00 [0.89;1.12]	1.01 [0.90;1.14]	0.98 [0.80;1.20]	1.02 [0.83;1.25]
Plant Protein (5 en%)	0.39 [0.26;0.57]	0.55 [0.32;0.93]	0.31 [0.16;0.62]	0.81 [0.33;1.99]

N = 6,107 with 787 cases all-cause mortality and 266 cases in cardiovascular mortality.
Two models were used for energy adjustment.
*Model 1, Hazard ratio (HR) respectively Beta, adjusted for energy intake, protein intake (per 10 g / 5 energy%), alcohol intake (per 10 gram / 5 energy%), age at recruitment, BMI, duration of diabetes, insulin use (no/yes), education level (four categories), physical activity index (four categories), smoking status (three categories), sex, and country.
^†Model 2, is model 1 with additional adjustments for healthy diet by including vitamin C and fiber in the model.
P < 0.05.

ISSN: 1475-2840