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Table 2 Medication typically administered to diabetes type II patients and possible effects on erythrocytes (RBCs) and fibrin clots
| Medication | Selected references |
|---|---|
| Dyslipidemia (cholesterol) medication (statins) | |
| Simvastatin (Zocor®) and Atorvastatin (Lipitor®) | Improve clot permeability and clot structure and enhanced fibrin clot lysis [109-113]. |
| An increase in glycolysis metabolite concentrations and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in rat RBCs [114]. | |
| Increased erythrocyte fluidity [115,116] and deformability [100,117]. | |
| Reversed alteration in RBC plasma membrane properties, including lipid peroxidation [101,118]. | |
| Blood sugar control | |
| Antihyperglycemic drug dimethylbiguanide (Metformin®/Glucophage®) | Improves clot structure and hypercoagulability [119,120], |
| Improves clot lyses [121,122]. | |
| Actraphane® (mixture of fast-acting insulin and long-acting insulin) | No evidence of any influence on RBCs or fibrin clot structure/fibrinolysis. |
| Actrapid® (human soluble insulin) | |
| Humulin® (70% human insulin isophane suspension and 30% human insulin injection [rDNA origin]) | |
| Protophane® (intermediate-acting insulin) | |
| Hypertension control | |
| Coversyl® (active ingredient is perindopril arginine which is a angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) | No evidence of any influence on RBCs or fibrin clot structure/fibrinolysis. |
| Amlodopine® (calcium channel blockers) | |
| Carvedilol® (beta and alpha adrenoceptor blocker with antioxidant activity) | Improves the endothelial fibrinolytic activity [123]. |
| Scavenger effect on free radical generator-induced RBC membrane damage [124] and enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in RBCs [125]. | |
| Adalat® ((nifedipine) calcium channel blocker) | Antithrombotic activity exhibitor [126] and improves fibrinolytic activity [127,128]. |
| Anti-clotting medication | |
| Aspirin® (acetylsalicylic acid) | Aspirin increases fibrin clot porosity and susceptibility to lysis [111]; antiplatelet effect [129-131]; |
| Disprin® (brand name for Aspirin) | increase the level of sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide in erythrocytes [129] perturbing RBC bilayer structures [132]. |
| Reduce risk of thrombosis [133-137]. | |
| Irreversible inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2 [138]. | |
