Variables | Men | P | Women | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEAD | Non-LEAD | LEAD | Non-LEAD | |||
Age(year) | 61.75 ± 10.31 | 47.55 ± 10.07 | <0.001 | 64.40 ± 9.79 | 56.62 ± 9.52 | <0.001 |
Diabetes duration(year) | 10(5–15) | 3(0.48-10) | <0.001 | 13.14 ± 7.73 | 7.85 ± 5.64 | <0.001 |
Body mass index(kg/cm2) | 23.59 ± 3.53 | 25.99 ± 3.20 | 0.194 | 25.12 ± 3.83 | 25.37 ± 3.89 | 0.655 |
Waist circumference(cm) | 93.23 ± 10.89 | 94.80 ± 10.17 | 0.273 | 91.19 ± 11.35 | 88.02 ± 10.49 | 0.055 |
Systolic blood pressure(mmHg) | 130(120–140) | 130(120–140) | 0.503 | 135(123.5-150) | 129(120–135) | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure(mmHg) | 80(70–85) | 80(78–90) | 0.010 | 80(75–85) | 80(70–85) | 0.268 |
Fasting plasma glucose(mmol/L) | 6.88(5.92-9.07) | 7.92(6.50-10.36) | 0.007 | 8.03 ± 2.62 | 2.97 ± 0.91 | 0.409 |
2 h postprandial plasma glucose(mmol/L) | 12.96 ± 4.40 | 13.73 ± 4.53 | 0.212 | 14.31 ± 4.57 | 13.48 ± 4.61 | 0.232 |
Fasting C-peptide(ng/ml) | 1.93 ± 1.03 | 2.12 ± 1.13 | 0.213 | 1.95 ± 1.07 | 2.07 ± 1.15 | 0.472 |
2-h postprandial C peptide(ng/ml) | 4.98 ± 3.18 | 5.07 ± 3.50 | 0.854 | 4.90 ± 3.26 | 5.11 ± 2.99 | 0.664 |
Total cholesterol(mmol/L) | 4.46 ± 1.11 | 4.98 ± 1.17 | 0.001 | 4.92 ± 1.10 | 5.08 ± 1.16 | 0.352 |
Triglyceride(mmol/L) | 1.92(1.16-3.63) | 1.40(0.93-2.10) | 0.005 | 1.42(1.05-1.93) | 1.46(0.98-2) | 0.720 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol(mmol/L) | 1.00 ± 0.24 | 0.97 ± 0.21 | 0.397 | 1.15 ± 0.32 | 1.18 ± 0.33 | 0.481 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(mmol/L) | 2.63 ± 0.89 | 2.96 ± 0.80 | 0.006 | 2.86 ± 0.97 | 2.97 ± 0.91 | 0.409 |
Glycated hemoglobin A1c(%) | 8.0(7.1-9.85) | 9.1(7.45-10.85) | 0.023 | 8.82 ± 1.86 | 8.62 ± 1.85 | 0.459 |
Glycated serum albumin(%) | 22.30 ± 7.18 | 24.44 ± 8.07 | 0.044 | 20.9(17.75-26.30) | 20.10(17.20-25.3) | 0.364 |
Alanine aminotransferase(U/L) | 21(14–27) | 24(18–36.5) | 0.065 | 18(13–31.75) | 22(14.75-30) | 0.303 |
Aspartate aminotransferase(U/L) | 19(16–23) | 19(15–28) | 0.423 | 19(16–24) | 20(15–25.5) | 0.894 |
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(U/L) | 27(19–39) | 31(21–42.5) | 0.065 | 23(16.75-39) | 28(18.50-44) | 0.160 |
Glomerular filtration rate(ml/min/1.73 m2) | 97.04 ± 24.04 | 96.34 ± 24.92 | 0.845 | 94.67 ± 25.79 | 98.37 ± 23.23 | 0.355 |
C reactive protein(mg/L) | 1.67(0.64-2.57) | 1.10(0.56-2.35) | 0.347 | 1.3(0.53-2.65) | 1.45(0.75-3.11) | 0.256 |
Femoral intima-media thickness(mm) | 0.85 ± 0.06 | 0.67 ± 0.12 | <0.001 | 0.86 ± 0.03 | 0.70 ± 0.11 | <0.001 |
Smoking(%) | 55.8 | 54.9 | 0.888 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 0.278 |
Drinking(%) | 24.5 | 19.5 | 0.233 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 0.903 |
Hypertension(%) | 60.7 | 36.6 | <0.001 | 62.7 | 37.0 | <0.001 |
Anti-hypertensive therapy(%) | 47.1 | 18.9 | <0.001 | 48.6 | 20.3 | <0.001 |
Anti-diabetic therapy(%) | 78.9 | 77.1 | 0.732 | 68.9 | 66.4 | 0.453 |
Lipid-lowing therapy(%) | 15.8 | 14.3 | 0.677 | 12.8 | 10.3 | 0.566 |
Estradiol | 115.24 ± 58.72 | 116.54 ± 56.01 | 0.889 | 70.94(38.73-104.91) | 88.95(50.10-165.27) | 0.039 |
Testosterone | 12.61 ± 5.25 | 12.64 ± 4.56 | 0.972 | 1.18(0.89-1.55) | 1.26(0.94-1.69) | 0.610 |
Progestogen | 1.04(0.75-1.47) | 1.03(0.71-1.33) | 0.516 | 0.82(0.65-1.42) | 0.80(0.64-1.90) | 0.756 |
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone | 9.43(6.40-14.41) | 6.50(4.00-9.04) | <0.001 | 52.53 ± 23.61 | 38.08 ± 25.33 | 0.001 |
Luteinizing hormone | 5.92(3.98-9.56) | 4.96(3.24-6.48) | 0.002 | 23.78 ± 10.53 | 20.16 ± 13.69 | 0.960 |
Prolactin | 168.83(136.86-214.16) | 171.39(109.74-242.44) | 0.002 | 193.70 ± 85.48 | 185.66 ± 138.83 | 0.707 |
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate | 201.13 ± 106.74 | 260.10 ± 117.77 | 0.001 | 126.50 ± 66.74 | 173.73 ± 81.99 | <0.001 |