Table 1 Characteristics of patients at the initiation of EBID or insulin treatment

N

28551

2804

7870

Male ^π

13562 (48)

1130 (40)

3401 (43)

Age ^α

59 (14)

56 (11)

56 (11)

Diabetes duration (year) ^β

1.0 (0, 1)

1.0 (0.2, 1.8)

1.0 (0.1, 2.0)

Diabetes duration (year) ^α

1.2 (2.2)

1.6 (2.2)

1.8 (2.7)

White Caucasian ^π

12145 (43)

1214 (43)

3898 (50)

Black

3482 (12)

119 (4)

445 (60)

Hispanic

956 (3)

36 (1)

103 (2)

Ex-smoker ^π

8033 (33)

813 (35)

2452 (37)

Current smoker ^π

4499 (19)

321 (14)

874 (13)

BMI (kg/m ² ) ^α

34.1 (8.3)

38.8 (7.9)

38.6 (7.8)

Overweight (BMI > 30 kg/m ² ) ^π

5759 (24)

245 (10)

691 (10)

Obese ^π

15949 (65)

2186 (89)

6210 (89)

SBP (mmHg) ^α

131 (19)

130 (16)

130 (16)

DBP (mmHg) ^α

75 (11)

78 (10)

77 (10)

HbA1c (mmol/mol) ^Ω

62.8

59.6

63.9

HbA1c (mmol/mol) ^β

58.5 (50.8, 70.5)

56.3 (48.6, 66.1)

59.6 (50.8, 71.6)

HbA1c ≥ 7 % ^π

19804 (69)

1708 (61)

5606 (71)

LDL-C (mmol/L) ^α

5.34 (2.11)

5.40 (1.98)

5.16 (1.96)

Triglyceride (mmol/L) ^β

8.16 (5.43, 12.32)

9.15 (6.43, 12.93)

9.27 (6.44, 13.43)

Follow-up (year) ^β

3.4 (1.8, 4.5)

3.3 (1.3, 4.5)

3.5 (3.0, 4.8)

Metformin ^π

16549 (58)

2534 (90)

6969 (89)

Sulfonylurea ^π

12291 (43)

1682 (60)

5309 (67)

Thiazolidinedione ^π

8589 (30)

1348 (48)

4218 (54)

ACE/ARB ^π

22210 (78)

1990 (71)

6116 (78)

Beta Blocker ^π

15156 (53)

1108 (40)

3444 (44)

Statin ^π

23037 (81)

2355 (84)

6964 (88)

Anti-hypertensive ^π

24513 (86)

2339 (83)

6916 (88)

Aspirin

18683 (65)

1672 (60)

5467 (70)

Renal ^π

1187 (4.16)

57 (2.03)

332 (4.22)

HF ^π

901 (3.16)

48 (1.71)

191 (2.43)

MI ^π

286 (1.00)

22 (0.78)

73 (0.93)

Stroke ^π

351 (1.23)

14 (0.50)

82 (1.04)

IHD ^π

1865 (6.53)

184 (6.56)

702 (8.92)

PVD ^π

581 (2.03)

37 (1.32)

170 (2.16)

Angina ^π

160 (0.56)

24 (0.86)

70 (0.89)