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Figure 4 | Cardiovascular Diabetology

Figure 4

From: Liraglutide attenuates high glucose-induced abnormal cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells by activating the GLP-1 receptor, and inhibiting ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways

Figure 4

Liraglutide (LIRA) attenuated the inhibitory effects of high glucose (HG) on apoptosis of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). (A) Apoptosis was determined by staining with Annexin V-FITC (x-axis) and propidium iodide (y-axis). For each dot plot, the upper and lower right quadrants represent early apoptotic and late apoptotic cells, respectively. (B) Quantification of the apoptosis experiments. Total apoptosis refers to the sum of early and late apoptosis values. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments; * p < 0.01 vs. control; # p < 0.05 vs. HG. (C) Protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 in VSMCs; * p < 0.01 vs. control; # p < 0.01 vs. HG; † p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. HG + LIRA. (D) Protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in VSMCs; * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.01 vs. control; # p < 0.01, ## p < 0.01 vs. HG. Protein expression was normalized to β-actin. The results from three independent experiments are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

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