Table 3 Differences in central and peripheral hemodynamic variables between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and healthy participants at rest, during exercise and the change from rest to exercise

Central hemodynamics

Peak reservoir pressure (mm Hg)

36 ± 8

32 ± 4

0.016

18 ± 10

15 ± 5

0.17

-19 ± 10

-17 ± 10

0.49

Reservoir pressure integral (Pa.s)

1872 ± 520

1869 ± 369

0.97

794 ± 485

694 ± 263

0.40

-1413 ± 570

-1441 ± 454

0.81

Peak excess pressure (mm Hg)

35 ± 9

30 ± 4

0.005

73 ± 16

58 ± 12

<0.001

37 ± 19

27 ± 11

0.013

Excess pressure integral (Pa.s)

630 ± 197

493 ± 98

<0.001

1644 ± 437

1255 ± 472

<0.001

970 ± 468

776 ± 470

0.079

Central systolic BP (mm Hg)

114 ± 11

103 ± 10

<0.001

132 ± 14

114 ± 13

<0.001

18 ± 12

11 ± 11

0.015

Central pulse pressure (mm Hg)

45 ± 9

37 ± 5

<0.001

52 ± 12

39 ± 7

<0.001

8 ± 9

2 ± 7

0.003

0.Pulse pressure amplification (ratio)

1.2 ± 0.1

1.3 ± 0.1

<0.001

1.5 ± 0.1

1.6 ± 0.1

0.007

0.26 ± 0.11

0.23 ± 0.09

0.37

Augmented pressure (mm Hg)

13 ± 4.8

8 ± 5

<0.001

9 ± 6

4 ± 4

<0.001

-4 ± 5

-4 ± 3

0.78

Augmentation index (%)

29 ± 6.8

21 ± 10

<0.001

17 ± 9

10 ± 6

0.001

-12 ± 7

-11 ± 6

0.68

Augmentation index (at 75 bpm)

23 ± 6

13 ± 11

<0.001

25 ± 9

14 ± 11

<0.001

0.8 ± 9

1 ± 7

0.73

*Adjusted augmentation index (%)

26 ± 6.7

23 ± 6.7

<0.001

14.6 ± 8.0

11.9 ± 7.9

<0.001

-11.6 ± 6.7

-11.5 ± 6.8

0.58

Aortic pulse wave velocity (m/s)

8.01 ± 2.16

6.29 ± 1.42

<0.001

9.73 ± 2.10

7.02 ± 1.43

<0.001

2.14 ± 2.59

0.32 ± 2.71

0.004

Heart rate (bpm)

64 ± 8

58 ± 8

0.001

92 ± 12

86 ± 12

0.043

27 ± 9

28 ± 9

0.58

Cardiac output (L/min)

5.24 ± 0.90

4.50 ± 0.73

<0.001

8.22 ± 1.54

7.91 ± 1.28

0.35

2.9 ± 1.3

3.4 ± 1.3

0.103

Stroke volume (mL)

82  ± 11

78 ± 15

0.26

90 ± 13

93 ± 14

0.36

7 ± 12

14 ± 11

0.017

Peripheral hemodynamics

Brachial systolic BP (mm Hg)

124 ± 12

114 ± 9

<0.001

155 ± 17

134 ± 14

<0.001

31 ± 13

20 ± 13

<0.001

Brachial diastolic BP (mm Hg)

68 ± 8

65 ± 6

0.064

77 ± 9

73 ± 9

0.097

8 ± 6

9 ± 8

0.93

Brachial pulse pressure (mm Hg)

55 ± 10

49 ± 5

0.002

78 ± 15

60 ± 10

<0.001

23 ± 11

11 ± 10

<0.001

Systemic vascular resistance (d.s.cm^-5)

1369 ± 243

1503 ± 268

0.027

1004.38 ± 201

973 ± 157

0.45

-354 ± 206

-529 ± 247

0.001