From: Cardiovascular effects of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists
 | GLP-1 | References | GLP-1R agonist | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
 | Elicits cAMP in mouse cardiomyocytes | [38] | mRNAExpression is localized in cardiac atria and and its activation promotes secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide and increases BP. | |
 | Inhibits palmitate- and ceramide-induced phosphatidylserine exposure and DNA fragmentation | [44] | Acts via cAMP in endosome | [37] |
 | Increases myocardial glucose uptake in dogs | [46] | Decreases myocyte apoptosis by activation of cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway | [39] |
 | May preserve cardiomyocyte viability, increases metabolic efficiency and inhibits the structural and functional remodeling after myocardial infarction. | [49] | Induces cardiomyocyte growth and activation of glucose metabolism by a mechanism envolving AKT and ERK phosphorylations | |
Animals studies | Increases systolic and diatolic BP, as well as HR im male rats acutely. | [52] | Has cardioprotective functions related to inhibition of cardiomyocytes apoptosis due their ROS scanvenger actions, by increasing endogenous antioxidant defenses. | [42] |
 | Inhibts glucagon release by a mechanism PKA dependent and glucose independent | Cardioprotective functions are mediated by PI3K and partially dependent on ERK1/2 | [43] | |
 | Decreases contractility in primary culture of adult rat cardiomyocytes and in isolated rat hearts | Attenuates atherosclerotic lesions by reducing monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the arterialwall and inhibits the inflammatory response in macrophages. | [65] | |
 |  |  | Reduces the inflammatory markers: MCP-1 and TNF- α in response to lipopolysaccharide in cultured peritoneal macrophages harvested from mice. | [66] |
 |  |  | Reduces monocyte adhesion to aortic endothelial cells and atheroscleroticlesion size in nondiabetic C57BL/6 and ApoE-/- mice. | [65] |