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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of atrial fibrillation (AF) among patients with diabetes in Taiwan from 1999–2010

From: Association of metformin with lower atrial fibrillation risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based dynamic cohort and in vitro studies

 

Unadjusted HR

P

Adjusted HR

P

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

Age

    

 18-49

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

 50-64

4.49 (4.01-5.03)

<.0001

3.17 (2.83-3.56)

<.0001

 ≥65

16.64 (14.97-18.49)

<.0001

8.10 (7.25-9.04)

<.0001

Sex

    

 Female

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

 Male

1.38 (1.33-1.44)

<.0001

1.33 (1.28-1.38)

<.0001

Comorbidity

    

 Hypertension

4.39 (4.15-4.63)

<.0001

1.27 (1.19-1.35)

<.0001

 Congestive heart failure

5.48 (5.25-5.71)

<.0001

2.72 (2.60-2.84)

<.0001

 Chronic kidney disease

1.75 (1.67-1.84)

<.0001

- -

- -

 Asthma

1.96 (1.87-2.05)

<.0001

1.10 (1.05-1.15)

<.0001

 Hyperthyroidism

1.00 (0.92-1.10)

0.9433

  

 Myocardial infarction

3.00 (2.73-3.29)

<.0001

1.27 (1.15-1.39)

<.0001

 Ischemic stroke

2.27 (2.16-2.39)

<.0001

1.06 (1.01-1.12)

0.0192

 Sleep apnea syndrome

0.95 (0.78-1.16)

0.6049

  

 Peripheral arterial disease

2.52 (2.20-2.90)

<.0001

1.22 (1.06-1.40)

0.0055

Medication

    

 Metformin

0.80 (0.75-0.85)

<.0001

0.81 (0.76-0.86)

<.0001

 Anti-hypertensives*

6.87 (6.36-7.42)

<.0001

3.08 (2.83-3.35)

<.0001

 Statin

1.18 (1.13-1.23)

<.0001

0.85 (0.81-0.89)

<.0001

  1. *angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers.