| |
First year (n = 645,710)
|
≥10th year (n = 140,871)
|
|---|
| |
Non-users*
|
Users†
|
P
|
Non-users*
|
Users†
|
P
|
|---|
|
(n = 560,512)
|
(n = 85,198)
|
(n = 126,240)
|
(n = 14,631)
|
|---|
|
Sex
| | |
<.0001‡
| | |
0.2560‡
|
|
Female
|
281325 (50.2%)
|
44179 (51.9%)
| |
73268 (58.0%)
|
8420 (57.6%)
| |
|
Male
|
279187 (49.8%)
|
41019 (48.2%)
| |
52972 (42.0%)
|
6211 (42.5%)
| |
|
Age, years
| | | | | | |
|
Mean ± SD
|
58.6 ± 17.1
|
57.0 ± 14.8
|
<.0001§
|
53.7 ± 17.0
|
55.4 ± 15.0
|
<.0001§
|
|
Co-morbidity
| | | | | | |
|
Hypertension
|
301047 (53.7%)
|
54032 (63.4%)
|
<.0001‡
|
71480 (56.6%)
|
10601 (72.5%)
|
<.0001‡
|
|
Congestive heart failure
|
42886 (7.7%)
|
5162 (6.1%)
|
<.0001‡
|
11056 (8.8%)
|
1507 (10.3%)
|
<.0001‡
|
|
Chronic kidney disease
|
75572 (13.5%)
|
7337 (8.6%)
|
<.0001‡
|
22788 (18.1%)
|
2449 (16.7%)
|
<.0001‡
|
|
Asthma
|
77366 (13.8%)
|
11888 (14.0%)
|
0.2352‡
|
22437(17.8%)
|
2898 (19.8%)
|
<.0001‡
|
|
Hyperthyroidism
|
22517 (4.0%)
|
3042 (3.6%)
|
<.0001‡
|
8286 (6.6%)
|
877 (6.0%)
|
0.0082‡
|
|
Myocardial infarction
|
8542 (1.5%)
|
1165 (1.4%)
|
0.0005‡
|
2186 (1.7%)
|
305 (2.1%)
|
0.0022‡
|
|
Ischemic stroke
|
46557 (8.3%)
|
6207 (7.3%)
|
<.0001‡
|
12739 (10.1%)
|
1818 (12.4%)
|
<.0001‡
|
|
Sleep apnea syndrome
|
3949 (0.7%)
|
1058 (1.2%)
|
<.0001‡
|
1874 (1.5%)
|
319 (2.2%)
|
<.0001‡
|
|
Peripheral arterial disease
|
4238 (0.8%)
|
399 (0.5%)
|
<.0001‡
|
1387 (1.1%)
|
165 (1.1%)
|
0.7500‡
|
|
Medication
| | | | | | |
|
Anti-hypertensives¶
|
345487 (61.6%)
|
60278 (70.8%)
|
<.0001‡
|
87769 (69.5%)
|
11896 (81.3%)
|
<.0001‡
|
|
Statin
|
100497 (17.9%)
|
31918 (37.5%)
|
<.0001‡
|
32403 (25.7%)
|
6755 (46.2%)
|
<.0001‡
|
- *Nonusers were adults (age≧18 years) with no record of metformin use.
- †Users were adults who used metformin.
- ‡Chi-squared test.
- §Independent t test.
- ¶Angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers.
