High or low calcium intake increases cardiovascular disease risks in older patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 2 Relationships of dietary Ca:Mg intake ratio and markers of inflammation and CVD risk in older patients with diabetes

	Quintiles of dietary Ca:Mg ratio
Variables	≤1.3 (n = 40)	1.4–1.9 (n = 39)	2.0–2.5 (n = 42)	2.6–3.6 (n = 38)	>3.6 (n = 38)	p ⁴
Dietary Ca and Mg intake¹
Calcium intake (mg/day)*	212.9 ± 179	312.8 ± 158.2	555.3 ± 219.0	700.6 ± 261.1	1060 ± 396.5	<0.001
Magnesium intake (mg/day)	223.9 ± 138.6	204.3 ± 96.9	251.6 ± 104.0	231.1 ± 90.7	193.7 ± 64.8	0.099
Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular risk²
High-sensitivity CRP (mg/L)^†	1.8 ± 0.3	1.9 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.4	1.8 ± 0.4	2.7 ± 0.4	0.013
White blood cell (10⁹ cells/L)	6.6 ± 0.3	6.2 ± 0.3	5.9 ± 0.3	6.8 ± 0.4	6.4 ± 0.4	0.200
Platelet (10³/μL)	227.5 ± 11.0	203.4 ± 11.2	205.7 ± 11.3	235.5 ± 11.7	224.3 ± 11.7	0.046
Red blood cell distribution width (%)^†	13.5 ± 0.2	13.6 ± 0.2	13.1 ± 0.2	13.7 ± 0.2	13.8 ± 0.2	0.032
Number of high inflammatory markers³
0	10(25.0)	17(43.6)	21(50.0)	12(31.6)	7(18.4)	0.002
1	14(35.0)	7(17.9)	18(42.9)	10(26.3)	16(42.1)
≥2	16(40.0)	15(38.5)	3(7.1)	16(42.1)	15(39.5)

¹The comparisons of the means were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. *indicates significant difference in Ca intake between the subgroup with a ratio of 2.0–2.5 and those with ratios of ≤1.3, 1.4–1.9, and >3.6 by Scheffe’s multiple comparisons test.
²The analyses were adjusted for sex, age, glycated hemoglobin, BMI, physical activity levels, smoking, alcohol consumption, and total energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake. The data are adjusted mean ± standard error (SE). ^†indicates significant difference in CRP and red blood cell distribution width between the subgroup with a ratio of 2.0–2.5 and the one with a ratio of >3.6 by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test.
³Categorical variables were analyzed by chi-square test. The data are presented as number (n) and percent (%). The definition of high levels of the following four inflammatory markers: CRP >3 (mg/L), white blood cell >6.5 (10³/mm³), platelet >227.0 (10³/μL), and red blood cell distribution width >13.6 (%).
⁴A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

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