Variables | Controls (n = 40) | MetS (n = 39) | MetS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline (n = 33) | Follow-up (n = 33) | |||
Age (y) | 58.0 ± 4.2 | 59.6 ± 4.6 | 59.4 ± 4.4 |  |
Sex (female,%) | 20 (50.0) | 20 (51.2) | 17 (51.5) | Â |
MetS criteria | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Increased blood pressure (n,%) | 8 (20.0) | 31 (79.4)*** | 27 (81.8) | 21 (63.6)#*** |
 Reduced HDL (n,%) | 6 (15.0) | 29 (74.3)*** | 23 (69.7) | 22 (66.6)*** |
 Increased fasting glucose (n,%) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (25.6)** | 7 (21.2) | 2 (6.1) |
 Increased TG (n,%) | 4 (1.0) | 32 (82.0)*** | 27 (81.8) | 22 (66.6)*** |
Height (cm) | 169.2 ± 8.4 | 165.6 ± 8.2 | 166.1 ± 8.7 |  |
Body weight (kg) | 68.1 ± 12.4 | 85.9 ± 9.9*** | 86.0 ± 10.2 | 79.5 ± 9.1###*** |
BMI (kg.m−2) | 23.9 ± 3.1 | 32.8 ± 3.5*** | 31.9 ± 3.5 | 28.8 ± 3.2###*** |
Waist circumference (cm) | 81.9 ± 8.0 | 99.3 ± 7.9*** | 98.4 ± 7.6 | 91.0 ± 6.8###*** |
Central Fat (kg) | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.6*** | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.6###*** |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116 ± 11 | 130 ± 15* | 132 ± 14 | 120 ± 15#*** |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73 ± 8 | 77 ± 10 | 76 ± 9 | 70 ± 9*** |
Heart rate (bpm) | 61 ± 4 | 71 ± 10*** | 69 ± 10 | 65 ± 12##** |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol.l−1) | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 0.8##** |
HDL- cholesterol (mmol.l−1) | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.3*** | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.4** |
TG (mmol.l−1) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 1.0*** | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 0.6###** |
Fasting glucose (mmol.l−1) | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 0.9*** | 4.9 ± .7 | 4.1 ± 0.6### |
Fasting insulin (mIU.l−1) | 30.2 ± 15.1 | 40.5 ± 13.9** | 39.7 ± 14.3 | 35.0 ± 12.3# |
HbA1C (%) | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.4*** | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.3###** |
HOMA-IR | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 3.6 ± 1.4*** | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 1.1### |
NT-proBNP (pg.ml−1) | 22.4 ± 37.7 | 33.6 ± 51.3 | 34.3 ± 52.5 | 44.7 ± 79.3 |
IL6 (pg.ml−1) | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 3.5* | 2.7 ± 2.8 | 1.9 ± 2.7 |
PAI-1 active (pg.ml−1) | 7.7 ± 4.9 | 14.0 ± 7.1*** | 12.7 ± 6.4 | 9.5 ± 4.1##* |
Adiponectin (μg.ml−1) | 32.8 ± 22.0 | 17.3 ± 12.0*** | 17.2 ± 13.0 | 15.8 ± 10.6*** |
hsCRP (mg.l−1) | 1.72 ± 2.77 | 4.03 ± 3.37*** | 4.12 ± 3.37 | 3.08 ± 3.89# |
TNF-α (pg.ml−1) | 3.5 ± 3.0 | 11.7 ± 8.0*** | 12.0 ± 8.3 | 5.1 ± 4.1### |
Routine medication: | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Arterial hypertension (n,%) | 0 (0.0) | 27 (67.5)*** | 26 (78.8) | 22 (66.7)*** |
  ACE-I/ARBs (n,%) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (51.3)*** | 16 (48.4) | 15 (45.5)*** |
  Calcium antagonist (n,%) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.5) | 3 (9.1) | 3 (9.1) |
  Beta-blockers (n,%) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (15.0)* | 5 (15.1) | 4 (12.1)* |
  Diuretics (n,%) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (27.5)*** | 7 (21.2) | 7 (21.2)* |
  Lipid lowering agents (n,%) | 0 (0.0) | 21 (52.5)*** | 16 (48.4) | 15 (45.5)*** |