Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study participants
| Â | All | Men with NGM | Women with NGM | Women with IGM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | (n = 45) | (n = 9) | (n = 21) | (n = 15) |
Age, years | 36 (34-46) | 36 (34-39) | 36 (31-48) | 42 (34-55) |
White race, n (%) | 30 (66.7) | 5 (55.6) | 14 (66.7) | 11 (73.3) |
Anthropometrics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   BMI, kg/m | 47.3 (43.4-50.8) | 49.1 (46.1- 55.2) | 44.5 (40.5-48.2) | 47.9 (43.4-52.3) |
   Severely obese, n (%) | 6 (13.3) | 0 (0) | 5 (23.8) | 1 (6.7) |
   Morbidly obese, n (%) | 26 (57.8) | 5 (55.6) | 12 (57.1) | 9 (60) |
   Super obese, n (%) | 12 (26.7) | 4 (44.4) | 3 (14.3) | 5 (33.3) |
   Super, super obese, n (%) | 1 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) |
   Neck, cm | 41 (39.1-45.5) | 49.2 (45.2-53) | 39.4 (37-41.5) | 41.3 (40.2-48) |
   Waist, cm | 131.1 (122.3-144.2) | 152 (143.7-161.8) | 122.8 (113.6-134.3) | 131.5 (125-136) |
   Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.93 (0.87-0.98) | 1.05 (0.98-1.09) | 0.92 (0.86-0.96) | 0.93 (0.89-0.94) |
   Sagittal abdominal diameter, cm | 31 (28.5-35) | 35 (29-36) | 30 (28-33) | 32 (29-35) |
Metabolic outcomes | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Glucose, mmol/L | 5.2 (4.8-5.8) | 4.8 (4.7-5.2) | 4.8 (4.6-5.1) | 6.2 (5.8-6.8) |
   Insulin, pmol/L | 89 (45.5-116.6) | 107.6 (70.4-168.4) | 75.9 (44.9-91.8) | 97.3 (69.7-127) |
   HOMA-IR, % | 1.7 (1-2.2) | 2.0 (1.3-3.1) | 1.4 (0.8-1.7) | 2.0 (1.6-2.6) |
   HOMA-IS, % | 60 (45.3-104.1) | 49.6 (33.15-96.9) | 71.8 (58.9-121.8) | 50.9 (38.3-65.5) |
   HOMA-B, % | 110.4 (90.3-159) | 152.2 (112.05-210.1) | 134.1 (97.8-173.4) | 97.5 (80.7-109.2) |
   CRP, mg/L | 8.1(4.8-11) | 6.8 (4.5-9.2) | 7.3 (3.7-10.1) | 9.6 (7.6-14.3) |
Adipocytokines | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   IL-1ß, pg/mL | 0.41 (0.38-0.5) | 0.44 (0.4-0.56) | 0.4 (0.36-0.5) | 0.41 (0.38-0.48) |
   IL-6, pg/mL | 1.95 (1.33-2.69) | 1.63 (0.96-2.18) | 1.67 (1.33-2.63) | 2.33 (1.49-3.98) |
   IL-8, pg/mL | 10.85 (8.36-13.15) | 11.41 (10.85-13.15) | 8.98 (6.9-13.24) | 11.84 (9.16-12.99) |
   TNF-α, pg/mL | 2.46 (2.03-3.16) | 3.1 (2.36-3.2) | 2.3 (1.93-3.45) | 2.5 (2.13-2.96) |
   sTNFαR1, ng/mL | 3.25 (2.28-4.33) | 2.78 (2.02-4.30) | 3.24 (2.18-4.11) | 3.65 (2.79-4.41) |
   sTNFαR2, ng/mL | 5.13 (4.22-6.72) | 5.17 (4.16-6.53) | 4.54 (4-6.62) | 6.23 (4.55-6.78) |
   Leptin, μg/L | 73.5 (56.7-94.9) | 48.4 (43.4-61.5) | 81.3 (72.3-103.0) | 85.1 (47.2-95.9) |
   Leptin receptor, μg/L | 16.2 (14.5-18.6) | 14.5 (13.4-15.7) | 16.4 (16.0-18.6) | 16.6 (15.1-21.2) |
   Ghrelin, pg/mL | 736.7 (589-983.2) | 622.6 (533.8-720.7) | 682.5 (573.6-946.7) | 900.2 (690.9-1091.1) |
   Adiponectin, μg/mL | 8.4 (6-10.6) | 7.4 (3.6-9.1) | 10.2 (7.7-11.6) | 6.8 (5.8-11.4) |
Sleep architecture | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Total sleep time, min | 398 (365-436) | 359 (338-403) | 398 (365-436) | 412 (373-460) |
   Sleep efficiency, % | 87 (81.8-93.2) | 89 (79.7-96.5) | 86 (83-91) | 90 (84.5-96) |
   WASO, min | 37.5 (16.5-71) | 43.1 (13.5-81.5) | 40.5 (16.5-58.5) | 29.2 (16.5-71) |
   N1, % | 10.6 (7.7-16.2) | 11.0 (8.7-24.9) | 12.7 (8.1-16.3) | 8.4 (5.2-13.8) |
   N2, % | 59.7 (53.4-65.3) | 55.3 (52.1-66.4) | 55.7 (48.7-63.8) | 64.3 (59.9-68.5) |
   N3, % | 11.1 (2.4-16.7) | 2.9 (0-11.2) | 16.5 (2.4-19.7) | 10.3 (5.4-13.1) |
   REM sleep, % | 15.6 (11.2-18.9) | 15.9 (14.2-19.9) | 14.4 (10.4-17.7) | 16.6 (12.9-22.3) |
PSG results | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Total AHI, events/h | 14.2 (6.4-22.9) | 48 (22.5-71) | 9 (4.2-16.5) | 16.1 (4.9-22.9) |
Obstructive apnea index, events/h | 11.9 (5.5-18.9) | 31.3 (17.7-57.6) | 7.4 (4.2-11.9) | 14.3 (4.9-18.3) |
Central apnea index, events/h | 0.24 (0-0.85) | 0.41 (0-1.42) | 0.25 (0-1.06) | 0.23 (0-0.64) |
Mixed apnea index, events/h | 0.02 (0-0.39) | 0.25 (0-0.75) | 0 (0-0.36) | 0 (0-0.33) |
   NREM AHI, events/h | 9.6 (4.4-17.5) | 44.1 (21.3-74.4) | 5.2 (2.8-12) | 9.6 (3-15.1) |
   REM AHI, events/h | 32.3 (10.5-50.3) | 53.4 (34.15-75.15) | 23.3 (5.4-38.8) | 32.8 (17.3-50.3) |
   ▪ No OSA, n (%) | 10 (22.2) | 0 (0) | 6 (28.5) | 4 (26.7) |
   ▪ Mild OSA, n (%) | 14 (31.1) | 2 (22.2) | 9 (42.9) | 3 (20) |
   ▪ Moderate OSA, n (%) | 13 (28.9) | 2 (22.2) | 5 (23.8) | 6 (40) |
   ▪ Severe OSA, n (%) | 8 (17.8) | 5 (55.6) | 1 (4.8) | 2 (13.3) |
   ODI, events/h | 7.7 (3.8-16.6) | 27.8 (10.3-69.6) | 4.3 (2.2-9.4) | 9.3 (4.2-18.4) |
   MeanSaO2, % | 94.9 (93.5-95.9) | 94.5 (89.4-95.9) | 95.1 (93.7-95.9) | 95.2 (93.5-95.4) |
   LowSaO2, % | 91.4 (89.8-92.7) | 90.1 (83-91.9) | 92.5 (90.1-93.2) | 91.6 (88.0-92.6) |
   MinSaO2, % | 85 (82-88) | 82 (68-85) | 87 (83-88) | 84 (72-88) |
   ΔSaO2, % | 4.5 (4-5) | 4.9 (4.8-11.3) | 4.2 (3.6-4.6) | 4.6 (4.0-6.6) |